BF Skinner Biography (1904-1990)

Kunyatsoongorora hupenyu hwaPalner uye nhaka yake

BF Skinner akanga ari nyanzvi yepfungwa dzeAmerica inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuda kwekuita kwake kune tsika . Skinner akataurira mafiro ake pachake se'kutsvaga hutsika 'uye akaratidza kuti pfungwa yekuzvisarudzira yaingova kungofungidzira. Zvose zvinenge zvichiitwa nevanhu, iye panzvimbo pacho akatenda, ndiyo yaiva mhinduro chaiyo yehutsika.

"Migumisiro yezviito inogadzirisa mukana wekuti mufambiro uchazoitikazve" -BF Skinner

Chinonyanya Kuzivikanwa

• Operant conditioning
• Schedules of Reinforcement
• Skinner Bhokisi
• Cumulative Recorder
• Radical Behaviorism

Mune izvi zvinoshandiswa pakugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, zviito zvinoteverwa nemigumisiro yakanaka zvinosimbiswa uye naizvozvo zviito izvozvo zvinowanzoitikazve munguva yemberi. Maitiro anoguma nemigumisiro yakaipa, kune rumwe rutivi, haawanzoitiki zvakare.

Pakati pezvinhu zvakawanda zvaakawana, zvigadzirwa, uye zvakagadzirwa zvaive kusikwa kwekambani yekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu (aka ne Skinner Box), kutsvakurudza kwake pamarongwa ekusimbisa, kuiswa kwemazana ekupindura semhando yakasiyana-siyana mukutsvakurudza, uye kusikwa kwechikwata chekunyora kuti uone maitiro emhinduro.

Mune imwe tsvakurudzo, Skinner akatumidzwa zita guru rezvepfungwa zvemakore makumi maviri .

Kuberekwa uye Rufu

• Akazvarwa: March 20, 1904
• Akafa: August 18, 1990

Biography

Burr Frederic Skinner akaberekerwa uye akarererwa muguta duku re Susquehanna, Pennsylvania.

Baba vake vaiva gweta uye amai vake vanoita zvekuimba uye vakakura nehanzvadzi yaive nemakore maviri mudiki. Akazotsanangurira hutano hwake hwePennsylvania se "hunodziya uye hwakasimba." Sekomukomana, aifarira kuvaka nokugadzira zvinhu; unyanzvi yaaizotanga kushandisa mune zvaanoongorora zvepfungwa. Mukoma wake Edward akafa pazera remakore makumi matanhatu nemasere nekuda kwechirwere chekushaya ropa.

Munguva yechikoro chesekondari, Skinner akatanga kuwedzera kufarira mune zvesayenzi kubva pakuongorora kwake zvakadzama mabasa aFrancis Bacon. Akaenderera mberi kugamuchira B BA mumutauro weChirungu muna 1926 kubva kuHamilton College.

Mushure mokunge awana chidimbu chake chepadhesi yepamusoro akasarudza kuva munyori, nguva yehupenyu hwake iyo yaizotumidza se "gore rima." Munguva iyi akanyora zvishoma zvinyorwa zvishomanana zvepapepanhau uye akakurumidza kukura akaodzwa mwoyo nematarenda ake ekunyora, pasinei nekuwana kukurudzirwa uye kukurudzirwa kubva kumudetembi akakurumbira Robert Frost.

Paaishanda semakisikiti mubhuku rekushandisa mabhuku, Skinner yakaitika pamabasa aPavlov naWatson, izvo zvakava kuchinja kwehupenyu hwake nebasa rake. Akafuridzirwa nemabasa aya, Skinner akasarudza kurega basa rake semunyori wenyika uye akapinda purogiramu yepfungwa yepamusoro paHarvard University.

Inventions

Munguva yake paHarvard, Skinner akazofarira kudzidza maitiro evanhu mune chinangwa uye nzira yesayenzi. Akaita izvo zvaaireva sechibasa chekugadzirisa zvinhu, izvo zvinozozivikanwa se " Skinner box ." Chigadzirwa chacho chaiva nekamuri raiva nebha kana chinhu chinogona kugadzirwa nemhuka kuti chiwane zvokudya, mvura, kana imwe nzira yekusimudzira .

Yakanga iri panguva ino kuHarvard kuti yakagadzirawo mukana wokunyora, chigadziro chakanyora mhinduro semutsetse wakaderera. Nokutarisa pamatope emutsara, izvo zvakaratidza chiyero chekupindura, Skinner akakwanisa kuona kuti mhinduro yepamhinduro yakatsigirwa pane zvakaitika pashure pekunge mhuka yakamanikidza bhara. Izvozvi, kupindura kwepamusoro kwemitengo kwakatevera mibairo apo pasi shoma mitero yakatevedzwa nekushaiwa mibayiro. Chigadzirwa chacho chakabvumira Skinner kuti aone kuti purogiramu yekusimbisa iyo yakashandiswa yakakonzerawo mukana wemhinduro.

Achishandisa chigadzirwa ichi, akawana kuti mufambiro wakanga usingabvi pamusana pekufambisa kwakafanana naWatson naPavlov vakachengetedza.

Pane kudaro, Skinner akawana kuti mafambiro aivimba pane zvinoitika mushure memhinduro. Skinner akadana hutsika huno .

Mushure mokunge awana PhD yake kubva kuHarvard muna 1931, Skinner akapfuurira kushanda ku yunivhesiti kwemakore mashanu anotevera nekuda kwekuyanana. Munguva iyi nguva, akaenderera mberi nekutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pemafambisirwo akashanda uye kushanda. Akaroora Yvonne Blue muna 1936, uye vakaroorana vakava nevanasikana vaviri, Julie naDeborah.

Project Pigeon

Skinner akatora nzvimbo yekudzidzisa paYunivhesiti yeMinnesota mushure mekuroorana kwake. Paaidzidzisa paYunivhesiti yeMinnesota uye munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, Skinner akazofarira kubatsira nehondo. Akagamuchira mari yepurojekiti yakabatanidza kurovedza njiva kutungamirira mabhomba, sezvo pasina hutungamiri huripo huripo panguva iyoyo.

Mu "Pigeon Pigeon," sezvazvaidanwa, njiwa dzakaiswa mumhino yepamhino yemusasa uye dzakadzidziswa kuti dzive nechinangwa chaizotungamira missile kune chinangwa chayo. Basa racho harina kumbobvira raitika, sezvo kuburitsa radar kwaive kuenderera mberi, kunyange zvazvo Skinner ainge akabudirira zvikuru achiita njiva. Kunyange zvazvo chirongwa chacho chakazobviswa, chakatungamirira kune zvimwe zvinonakidza zvakawanikwa uye Skinner aikwanisawo kudzidzisa njiva kutamba ping-pong.

The Baby Tender

Muna 1943, BF Skinner akaumbawo "mwana nyoro" pakukumbira komudzimai wake. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mwana nyoro haasi yakangofanana ne "Skinner box," iyo yakashandiswa muColner's experimental research. Akasika denga rakapfigwa rakaputirwa nehwindo replexiglass mukupindura kumudzimai wekukumbira kwake kune imwe nzira yakachengeteka kumapuranga emagariro. Ladies Home Home yakabudisa imwe nyaya pamusoro pemubhedha ane musoro unoti "Mwana muBhokisi," zvichiita kuti chikamu chisakonzwisiswa pamusoro pekushandiswa kwakashandiswa.

Chiitiko chakazotevera chakatungamirirawo kuwedzera kusanzwisisana pamusoro peConner's baby crib. Mune yake 2004 bhuku rinonzi Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychology Experiments of the Twentieth Century, munyori Lauren Slater akataura nezvenhau dzakawanda dzinotaurwa kuti mwana nyoro yakanyatsoshandiswa sechiedza chekuedza. Mhepfenyuro yacho yaiva kuti mwanasikana waPalner akanga ashumira sechinhu uye kuti akanga azviuraya semugumisiro. Bhuku raSlater rakaratidza kuti ichi chakanga chisingori chinhu chine runyerekupe, asi shure kwekuongorora kwebhuku racho zvisina kururama akataura kuti bhuku rake rakatsigira zvirevo. Izvi zvakakonzera kutsamwa nekutsamwa kukuru kwemashoko a Skinner akanyanya kurarama uye akanaka mwanasikana Deborah.

Muna 1945, Skinner akatamira kuBloomington, Indiana uye akazova Sachigaro weDhipatimendi reDhipatimendi uye University of Indiana. Muna 1948, akabatana nedhipatimendi rezvepfungwa panyaya yeHarvard University uko yaigara kweupenyu hwake hwose.

Kushanda Kushanda

MuPortner's operant conditioning process, anoshanda akataura kune chero mufambiro unoshanda pane zvakatipoteredza uye unotungamirira kumigumisiro. Akasiyanisa mafambiro evanhu (zviito pasi pedu kutonga) nemafambiro anopindura, izvo zvaakatsanangura sechinhu chipi zvacho chinenge chichiitika chichifunga kana kuti sekungoita sekukanda munwe wako kana iwe uchikanganisa pani inopisa.

Skinner yakagadziriswa kusimbiswa sechinhu chipi nechipi chinosimbisa maitiro anotevera. Iyo miviri miviri yekusimbisa iyo yaakaziva yaiva yekusimbiswa kwakanaka (zvakaguma zvakanaka zvakadai semubairo kana kurumbidzwa) nekusimudzira kusagadzikana (kubviswa kwezviitiko zvisingafadzi).

Chirango chinogonawo kuita basa rinokosha munharaunda yekugadzirisa mafungiro. Maererano naP Skinner, chirango ndechokushandiswa kwechigumisiro chakaipa chinoderedza kana chinokanganisa maitiro anotevera. Chirango chakanaka chinosanganisira kupa mhedzisiro yakaipa (jeri, kupopota, kuputira) asi kuranga kusina kunaka kunosanganisira kubvisa chibereko chakanaka mushure mekuzvibata (kubvisa chido chekuda, kugadziriswa).

Schedules of Reinforcement

Mukutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu, Skinner akawanawo uye akarondedzera zvirongwa zvekusimbisa :

• Fixed-ratio schedules
• Zvinyorwa-chiyero cherongwa
• Fixed-interval schedules
• Zvirongwa-zvenguva purogiramu

Skinner's Teaching Machines

Skinner akawedzerawo kufarira mune dzidzo uye kudzidzisa mushure mokuenda kumwanasikana wake mhando yechikoro muna 1953. Skinner akati hakuna mumwe wevadzidzi wakagamuchira chero mhinduro pakarepo pamusoro pekushanda kwavo. Vamwe vadzidzi vakarwa uye havana kukwanisa kupedza matambudziko apo vamwe vakapedza nokukurumidza asi chaizvoizvo havana kudzidza chinhu chitsva. Pane kudaro, Skinner aifunga kuti nzira yakanakisisa ingadai iri yekuumba chimwe chigadzirwa chinogona kuumba maitiro, kupa mhinduro yakawanda kusvikira mhinduro inoda kuwanikwa.

Akatanga nekugadzirisa masvomhu ekudzidzisa maitiro akapa pakarepo mhinduro shure kwechinetso chimwe nechimwe. Zvisinei, iyi yekutanga yakashanda haina kudzidzisa unyanzvi hutsva. Pakupedzisira, akakwanisa kukura mishonga yakapa zvinyorwa zvinowedzera uye yakapa mashoko mumutsara wechidiki kusvikira vadzidzi vawana unyanzvi hutsva, nzira inozivikanwa semirayiridzo yakarongwa. Skinner akazonyora akaunganidza zvinyorwa zvake pamusoro pekudzidzisa uye dzidzo inonzi The Technology of Teaching .

Gare gare Upenyu uye Basa

Tsvakurudzo yeClubner nekunyora nokukurumidza kwakaita kuti ave mumwe wevatungamiri vesangano rezvemitemo mune zvepfungwa uye basa rake rakabatsira zvikuru pakuvandudzika kwekuongorora kwepfungwa .

Akashandisa pabasa rake rekare rekunyora, Skinner akashandisawo fungiro kuti ataure zvakawanda zvemaonero ake. Mubhuku rake ra1948 rinonzi Walden Two , Skinner akatsanangura sangano revanhu vanoita zvekuti vanhu vaidzidziswa kuti vave vagari vakakodzera kuburikidza nokushanda kwemamiriro ezvinhu.

Bhuku rake ra1971 raBeyond Freedom uye Ruremekedzo rakamuitawo tsvimbo yemheni yekupokana sezvo basa rake rakaratidza kuti rinoreva kuti vanhu havana zvechokwadi vane kodzero yokusununguka. Bhuku rake ra194 Pamusoro peBehaviorism rakanyorwa muchidimbu kuti riparadzise huzhinji hwemashoko pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvake nekutsvakurudza.

Mumakore ake akazotevera, Skinner akapfuurira kunyora nezvehupenyu hwake nemafungiro ake. Akaonekwa kuti aiva neukemia muna 1989.

Kwemazuva masere asati afa, Skinner akapiwa mupiro wekubudirira hupenyu hwose neAmerican Psychological Association uye akapa hurukuro yemaminitsi gumi nemashanu kune imba yakazara paakagamuchira mubairo. Akafa musi waAugust 18, 1990.

Mipiro uye Kuyeuka

• 1966 Edward Lee Thorndike Mubayiro, American Psychological Association
• 1968 - National Medal of Science kubva kuMutungamiri Lyndon B. Johnson
• 1971 - Medhi yeGolide yeAmerica Psychological Foundation
• 1972 - Mutambo weMunhu wegore
• 1990 - Mutsara weChirangaridzo Hupenyu Husingaperi kuPsychology

Sarudza Mabhuku

• Skinner, BF (1935) Mhando mbiri dzegadziriswa reflex uye runyararo Journal of General Psychology, 12 , 66-77.
• Skinner, BF (1938) 'Kutenda mashura' mujuba Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38 , 168-172.
• Skinner, BF (1950) Nhoroondo dzekudzidza dzinodikanwa here? Ongororo yePfungwa, 57 , 193-216.
• Skinner, BF (1971) Beyond Freedom and Honor
• Skinner, BF (1989) Mavambo Okufungisisa Mafungiro Emangwana Akaitika Mukugadzirisa Maitiro , Merrill Publishing Company.

Contributions to Psychology

Skinner aiva munyori akawandisa, achibudisa mabhuku anoda kusvika 200 uye mabhuku anopfuura makumi maviri. Mune tsvakurudzo yakaitwa muna 2002 yezvepfungwa dzepfungwa, akaonekwa seiye akakurumbira zvikuru mune zvepfungwa dzezana remakore rechi20. Kunyange zvazvo kusazvibata kusisiri chikoro chikuru chekufungidzira, basa rake mukugadzirisa mafungiro rinoramba riri rinokosha nhasi. Vashandi vezvehutano hwepfungwa vanowanzoshandisa mashandisirwo ekushanda pakushanda nevatengi, vadzidzisi vanowanzoshandisa kusimbisa uye kuranga kuumba maitiro mukirasi, uye vadzidzisi vemhuka vanovimba zvakanyanya nenzira idzi dzokudzidzisa imbwa nedzimwe mhuka. Nhaka yeChristner inoshamisa yakasiya zvose zviratidzo zvinogara kwenguva refu pane zvepfungwa uye mamwe mimwe minda inobva kufilosofi kusvika kuchikoro.

_Sources:

_{Burr Frederic Skinner. (2014). Yakadzorerwa kubva ku http://www.biography.com/people/bf-skinner-9485671.}

_{Buzan, DS (2004, March 12). Ndakanga ndisiri tekiti yebazi. The Guardian . Retreived kubva ku http://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/mar/12/highereducation.uk}

_{Bjork, DW (1997). BF Skinner: A Life . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.}

_{Slater, L. (2004) Opening Skinner's Box: Kuongorora kwePfungwa dzePfungwa dzeMakumi maviri emakore . London: Bloomsbury.}

_{Skinner, BF (1938). Maitiro Ezvinhu Zviripo: Kuongorora Kuongororwa. Cambridge, Massachusetts: BF Skinner Foundation.}

_{Skinner, BF (1961). Chikonzero nei tichida kudzidzisa makina. Harvard Educational Review, 31, 377-398.}

_{BF Skinner Foundation. (2014). Biographical information. Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.bfskinner.org/archives/biographical-information/}