Izvo zvisina kumira mode network inoshanda panguva dzekuzorora
Iwe unogona kufungidzira kuti kunyoresa zvingava sei kufungidzira pamusoro pezviito zvishoma zvaunoita mumazuva ose?
Nenzira yakanaka, pfungwa dzedu dzinotenderera uye isu tinosangana nemabasa tichiita basa, sekutyaira kubasa, kutora mvura, kana kunwisa mbeu. Zvinofadza kuti chikamu chakafanana cheuropi chakabatanidzwa kune rimwe zuva uye richienda muchirangaridzo-based autopilot: the default mode network (DMN).
Uyezve, kutsvakurudza kutsva kunoratidza kuti DMN ine basa rinokosha mukutsvaga maitiro.
The Default Mode Network
DMN, kana kuti "daydreaming network", inopararira pamusoro pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakabatana zve cortex, kusanganisira pamberi, parietal, uye temporal lobes. Irotex ndiyo yekunze kweropa.
Kunyanya kunyanya, DMN yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha:
- The ventral media prefrontal cortex
- Iyo inoratidzira hutungamiri hwepamusoro yekortex
- The posterior cingulated cortex uye pedo precuneus pamwe ne lateral parietal cortex (kureva, Brodmann nzvimbo 39)
Inorhinal cortex yakasungirirwawo kune DMN.
Zvinonyanya kukosha, iyo prefrontal cortex iri pamberi peuropi uye inodzora kufunga kwakaoma, maitiro, uye manzwiro.
Sezvo nezvinhu zvakawanda muusayenzi, kuwanikwa kweDMN kwaive kwakasununguka. Muna 1997, vachishandisa positron-emission tomography, rudzi rweuropi-imaging study, Shulman, uye vaishanda navo vakawana kuti kana ichienzaniswa nezororo, ropa rinopera pamusoro pemapoka enyeredzi munzvimbo dzakaderedzwa apo ichiita zvitsva, kwete-self-referential, chinangwa -directed mabasa.
Nemaziso, kuderera kweropa kubuda munzvimbo idzi dzeuropi kunoreva kuderedza basa.
Muna 2001, Raichle nevamwe vaaishanda vakatora danho rinokosha rinotevera mukugadzirisa kuti basa iri rinoderera rakanga risati riri fukoro ... kuti vakanga vasiri kushanda munzvimbo yekuzorora inokonzerwa nemafungiro anoedza kusingadzorwi.
Muhurukuro yekuongorora ya2015 yakanzi "The Brain's Default Mode Network," Raichle anonyora zvinotevera:
Takashandisa positron emission tomography (PET) zviyero zvenharaunda yekuyerera kweropa uye kushandiswa kweoksijeni kuratidzira, kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwemagetsi ekugadzirisa, kuti nzvimbo dzese dzichiratidzira kushandiswa kwebasa panguva yekushanda kwebasa hazvina kushandiswa munzvimbo yekuzorora. Nyaya yedu yainzi, 'A Default Mode of Brain Function.' Takaona kuti hutano hunoonekwa kuti huderedza basa ravo panguva yekufungisisa-zvinoda, chinangwa-chinotungamirirwa basa chakanga chisina kubvumidzwa pane zvekugara asi, pane kudaro, chaiva chiratidzo chesangano risati razivikanwa risati razivikanwa mukati meuropi mukati kana muitiro unoenderera mberi.
Pakazosvika gore ra2015, kuwanikwa kweDMN kwakanga kwatakura mapegu anoda kusvika 3000 panyaya iyi. Takadzidza kuti DMN inonyanya kushanda apo vanhu vasara vari voga nemafungo avo kana kuita zvichitsvaga, mafungiro, kudzidzira mafambiro pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakagadzikana-sekutarisa firimu kana kutyaira motokari pamwe nenzira yavanoziva. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya ndeaya akasimba ekuzorora apo munhu asina kunyanya kuve kunze kwenyika. Nezvimwewo, mumamiriro ekuedza anofungwa zvakasimba uye cognitively taxing-kufanidza kunze kwepikicha-DMN haina kushanda.
Mabasa akawanda eDMN achiri kujekeswa. DMN yakabatanidzwa pane episodic memory uye kusungurudzika mupfungwa pamwe chete nehutano uye humwe hukama hwehutano. DMN inobatanidzawo nekufunga nezveramangwana, nekuyeuka pamusoro pekare, nekusika. Maererano naRaichle, muvanhu, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti DMN "inogadzirisa zvirongwa zvinotsigira pfungwa yekushanda (VMPC), kuzviratidzira mafungiro ekufunga (DMPC), nekuyeuka kwezvakaitika kare."
Mukudzidza kwakaitwa muna 2009 muna Human Brain Mapping , Uddin uye vanyori vanyori vanyorera zvinotevera maererano neDMN: "Kunyange zvazvo zvichibvira kuti imwe nyanzvi yakazara ichasvika ichitsanangura kukwanisa kweteresi kutsigira zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvemabasa, kuti iyo yakashata mode network inoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinyorwa zvishoma kana subnetworks. "
Zvinofadza, panguva yekufungisisa, basa reDMN rinoderera. Kuwana uku kunonzwisisika nokuti kufungisisa inguva yekuderera kwepfungwa kusvetuka uye kuzviratidza kufunga. Munguva yekufungisisa, munhu anonyanya kufungisisa pane izvo zvinoitika pane izvozvi uye kushanduka kusanyatsocherechedza kubva kune zvinokanganisa.
DMN uye Autopilot
DMN yakatanga kufungidzirwa semashoko anonyanya kuitika mumamiriro evanhu kunze nekunze. Nemhaka yokuti DMN yakatanga kuonekwa munguva yekuzorora, iri kuedza kufunga kuti DMN inongova nekutarisa kwekufamba kwenguva, kufunga kwepfungwa, nekufunga kwepfungwa. Kuziva kunowanzoitika kunosanganisira pfungwa pamusoro pekare uye remangwana, iyo inowedzerawo nechinangwa chinoonekwa cheDMN. Zvisinei, DMN ine basa rinokosha zvikuru mukuziva.
Muchidzidzo che 2017 chinonzi "Default mode kupa zvipo kune automated information processing," Vatansever uye vanyori-vanyori vanoona kuti DMN inoshandura uropi pamusoro pechiratidzo-based autopilot kana tanzwisisa basa. Vanyori vanofungidzira zvingave zvakagadzirirwa izvi.
Vatansever uye vanyori vanyori vanofungidzira kuti ubongo hwedu hunofuridzira kuramba tichitarisira zviitiko zvekunze. Isu tinogara tichishambadzira chero kusakanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kuumba hwaro hwezvatinotarisira. Izvo zvinotarisirwa zvinoshandiswa kuzivisa sarudzo dzedu dzekutora nekududzira, kufanotaura, uye kuita zvido zvezvakatipoteredza.
Zvechokwadi, basa rehupfungwa hwehuropi, kunyanya iyo yeDMN, inoshandisa chikamu chakawanda cheropi hwedu simba rekugadzirira, inoratidze kuratidza maitiro akadaro emukati enyika iyo inogona kubatsira mukududzira kwakatipoteredza. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwekufananidzira kwakadaro kunogona kuumba nzira yakajairika iyo iyo uropi inoshandisa ruzivo rwakazara, chii chinogona kusiyanisa DMN ndiyo kukwanisa kwayo kugovera nzvimbo yakawanda yekushanda kwekushandura kwemashoko nehuwandu hwehutano hwakanaka uye hunoenderana nehupi hwose hwehuropi uye kunyanya kusvika kwaro ruzivo-ruzivo ruzivo. Ichi chibatanidzwa cheDMN chinofungidzirwa sechiratidzo chekuziva, maitiro ayo akambotaridzana neDMN kutendeseka.
Muchidzidzo, Yunivhesiti yeCambridge vatsvakurudzi vakakurudzira vatori vechikamu 28 kuti vabatanidze basa pavanenge vari muMRI scanner. Vadzidzi vacho vakaratidzwa makadhi mana uye vakakumbira kuenzanisa kadhi rakananga kune makadhi mana. Kadhi rakakonzerwa rinogona kufanana nemuvara, maitiro, kana nhamba, uye vatori vechikamu vanodiwa kuti vaone mutemo wekufananidza. Iko inoshanda yeMRI scanner yakayera oxygen mazinga muuropi, ayo akashanda semuongorori wehuropi.
Pakanga pane zvikamu zviviri mubasa iri. Nzvimbo yekutanga yaiva yekuwana mune izvo vakazvipira vakadzidza kuenzanisa mutemo kuburikidza nekuedza uye kukanganisa. Chikamu chechipiri chaive chiito umo vazvipiri vakanga vatotanga kutonga mutemo uye vakanga vava kushandisa ikozvino.
Vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti panguva yekuwana chikwata, kuburitsa kwekutengesa kunowanzoshanda. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nehutano hwehutano zvakabatanidzwa nekugadziriswa kwekucherechedza-ruzivo ruzivo. Munguva yechipanho chekushandira, apo vatori vechikamu vainge vatoziva mutemo uye vairi kungoishandisa, DMN yaive yakashanda.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaonawo kuti panguva yekushanda, kusimba kwehukama huri pakati peDMN uye nzvimbo dzeuropi dzakabatanidzwa muchiyeuchidzo chakadai sechi hippocampus, vanokurumidza vatori vechikamu vakakwanisa kupindura basa racho. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti panguva yekushandiswa kwechikwata, uropi hwaipinda muchirangaridzo, uye yakabvuma kune basa uchishandisa murairo kubva mumusoro.
Zvinoratidzika kuti DMN nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana mukati meuropi inobatsira kusimbisa hurongwa hwehutano muhuropi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akasimbiswa uye nguva dzekumuka kwemazororo ekuzorora kana tsika, DMN inoita kuti zviyeuchidzo zvekuyeuka uye zvinoita kuti tishandise pakuzvipira. Zvisinei, apo DMN isingakwanisi kufanotaura nezveramangwana nenzira yakavimbika, motokari inoshandura ku "maitiro" maitiro uye zvikamu zvehuropi hwedu zvinoshandisa kuchenjerera-ruzivo ruzivo runotora.
Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, urongwa hunosimbiswa neDMN hunokwanisa kupa "sarabhase inokosha yose kutsanangura kwete chete basa reDMN rinoenderera mberi mumamiriro akachengeteka e" zororo, "asiwo rubatsiro rwavo mukubatana kwevanhu (semuenzaniso, pfungwa yepfungwa, intuition, uye kufungidzira), pfungwa yekuziva-yega, zvisikwa, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinofungidzira kuti zvose zvinoda kushandiswa kwakagadzikana kwezivo yakadzidza yekufanotaurira nyika inotitenderedza. "
Zvinetso
Kufanana nebasa reDMN pacharo, zvinoreva DMN tsvakurudzo yakaitwa naVatansever yakazara uye inogona kutibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani mamiriro ekurwadziwa kwehupfungwa hwehupfungwa. Mukukuvadzwa kwehuropi hutsinye, matambudziko nekuyeuka uye kusagadzikana kunoita kuti kugadzirisa zvekugarana kwevanhu kuve kwakaoma. Uyezve, izvi zvinowanikwa zvingatibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani mamwe maitiro ehutano hwepfungwa kusanganisira kuvhiringidzwa , kuora mwoyo , uye kuora mwoyo -kusagadzikana kwepfungwa . Pakupedzisira, kutsvakurudza uku kunogona kubatsira kubvisa nzira dzehutachiona hwehutachiona huropi muuropi.
Pasi Pasi
Kubva pane zvaakawana makore anopfuura makumi maviri adarika, DMN yakange iri nyanzvi kune vatsvakurudzi vezesayenzi uye yakabatsira kubatanidza nzira yatinofunga nezvehuropi. Negore rimwe nerimwe rinopfuura, tinodzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peiyo mitambo yakawanda inoita basa rinokosha mukuziva. Tsvakurudzo inotsanangura basa rayo mukuyeuka-based autopilot inotora kunzwisisa kwedu kweDMN imwe danho rinowedzera nekusimbisa kuti DMN haisi mhere-mhere chete uye inonyanya kukosha yekuziva.
Pachirevo chekupedzisira, kunzwisisa kwakanakisisa kweDMN kwakabatsira kujekesa chiitiko chemukati chekuva munhu. Funga nezvekutsanangurwa kweCallard naMargulies kubva munyaya inonzi "Zvatinotaura pamusoro pedu patinotaura pamusoro pemaitiro ekutengesa maitiro":
DMN yave ichibudirira zvinoshamisa mukuunza kusvika iye zvino marginalized minda uye nzira mukati memaonero emagariro ekuziva neuroscience-uye, kuburikidza nekudaro kwakadaro, kwakatanga mitsva mitsva yekufunga uye nzira yekuongorora. Misoro yakadai sekudzungaira kwepfungwa, yaimbofungidzirwa zvikuru kudarika chinangwa chekufunga kwepfungwa, yakabuda semhepo inopisa yekutsvakurudza. Neuropsychoanalytic vatsvakurudzo vakawana DMN kuva mupfungwa yakakosha kuburikidza nekugadzirisa mafungiro pamusoro pesimba rechirwere, pfungwa dzepfungwa dzehupenzi maererano nezvinhu uye fantasy.
> Sources:
> Callard F, Margulies DS. Zvatinotaura pamusoro pedu kana tichitaurira nezvekusava nemafuta. Pamberi Hum Neurosci. 2014; 8: 619.
> Raichle ML. The Brain's Default Mode Network. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2015. 38: 433-47.
> Uddin LQ, et al. Kushandiswa kwekushanda kweiyo inoshandiswa mamiriro ekugadzira mitambo: kuwirirana, anticorrelation, uye causality. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Feb; 30 (2): 625-37.
> Vatansever D, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. Nzira dzekutsvaga mamiriro ekugadzirisa mashoko ekugadzirisa. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2017; pii: 201710521.