Howard Gardner ndiye nyanzvi yezvepfungwa dzinobudirira inonyanya kuzivikanwa nokuda kweiyi pfungwa ye multiple intelligences. Akatenda kuti chirevo chepfungwa chenguva dzose chekuchenjera chakanga chisinganyanyi kuvharidza uye kuti zviyero zveIQ zvinowanzorasikirwa kune "mamwe mazano" ayo munhu angave nawo. Bhuku rake ra1933 reFesters of Mind, rakarondedzera dzidziso yake uye masere makuru masere ekuchenjera.
Dzidziso yaHardner yaiva nechinangwa chakanyanya mumunda wezvidzidzo pane iyo yakafuridzirwa vadzidzisi nevadzidzisi kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekudzidzisa dzakagadzirirwa mazano aya akasiyana.
"Isu tine nhema iyi yokuti nzira chete yekudzidza chimwe chinhu ndechokuiverenga mubhuku kana kudzidza hurukuro pamusoro payo.Nzira iyo chete yokuratidza kuti tanzwisisa chimwe chinhu ndechokutora mhinduro shomanana kana dzimwe nguva ne mhinduro inopomerwa in. Asi izvi hazvina maturo.Zvose zvinogona kudzidziswa nenzira dzakawanda. " - Howard Gardner, 1997
Chinonyanya Kuzivikanwa:
Brief Biography
Howard Gardner akaberekwa musi waJuly 11, 1943 muScranton, Pennsylvania. Akazvitsanangura pachake se "mwana akadzidza zvikuru uyo akawana mufaro mukuru mukurira piyano." Akapedza chikoro chake chesekondari kuHarvard, achiwana chikoro chake chepasimire muna 1965 uye Ph.D. wake. muna 1971.
Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga aida kuronga mutemo, akafuridzirwa nemabasa aJean Piaget kuti adzidze kukura kwepfungwa.
Akatsanangurawo mazano aakagamuchira kubva kumunhu anozivikanwa wepfungwa dzepfungwa Erik Erikson sechikamu chechikonzero nei akaisa maonero ake pamusoro pepfungwa.
"Pfungwa dzangu dzakavhurwa chaizvo pandakaenda kuHarvard College uye ndakawana mukana wekudzidza pasi pevanhu-sa psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu David Riesman, uye munyori wezvemagariro evanhu Jerome Bruner-avo vakanga vachigadzira zivo pamusoro pevanhu.
Izvozvo zvakandibatsira kuti ndigadzirise nzira yekuongorora zvisikwa zvevanhu, kunyanya kuti vanhu vanofunga sei, "akazotsanangura zvakare.
Basa uye Mafungiro
Mushure mekunge vashanda nguva vachishanda nemapoka maviri akasiyana zvakasiyana, avo vane zvipo uye vane zvipo navana vakakuvadzwa neuropi, Gardner akatanga kutanga nheyo yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa tsvakurudzo yake nekucherechedza. Muna 1983, akanyora Frames of Mind iyo yakarondedzera dzidziso yake yezvirevo zvakawanda.
Maererano nedzidziso iyi, vanhu vane nzira dzakasiyana dzekudzidza. Kusiyana nemadzano ezvinyorwa zveuchenjeri zvinotarisa kune mumwe, akachenjera ari oga , Gardner aidavira kuti vanhu panzvimbo yavo vane nzira dzakasiyana dzekufunga nekudzidza. Akabva atora uye akatsanangura marudzi masere euchenjeri:
- Kutarisa-nzvimbo yekuchenjera
- Chimiro-mazwi ekuchenjera
- Mathematical intelligence
- Kinesthetic intelligence
- Musical intelligence
- Interpersonal intelligence
- Kuziva kusaziva
- Kuchenjerera kwepanyama
Akaronga zvakare kuwedzerwa kwekuwedzerwa kwemhando yepfumbamwe iyo yaanoreva se "existential intelligence."
Dzidziso yeHardner yakangodaro yakave nechinangwa chikuru mukati memunda wezvidzidzo, uko yakagamuchira kunyanya kukuru uye kushandiswa.
Kuziva kwake kweuchenjeri sekunge kune imwe chete, unhu hwega hunovhura masuo ekutsvakurudza mberi uye nenzira dzakasiyana dzekufunga pamusoro pehuchenjeri hwevanhu.
Mumwe muongorori anonzi Mindy L. Kornhaber akaratidza kuti dzidziso yeinongedzo dzakawanda dzakakurumbira mukati memunda wekudzidzisa nekuti "inogutsa vadzidzisi" ruzivo rwezuva nezuva: vadzidzi vanofunga uye vanodzidza nenzira dzakasiyana siyana uye inopawo vadzidzisi vane mazano ekugadzirisa uye Kufungisisa nezvekuongorora kwekuongorora uye tsika dzekudzidzisa.Zvino, kufungidzira uku kwakatungamirira vadzidzisi vakawanda kuvaka nzira itsva dzinogona kugadzirisa zvido zvevadzidzi vari mudzidzi dzavo. "
Gardner iye zvino anoshanda saSachigaro weGurisa Komiti yeProjekti Zero paHarvard Graduate School of Education uye seAdjunct Professor we Psychology paHarvard University.
Awards
- 1981, MacArthur Prize Fellowship
- 1987, William James Award, American Psychological Association
- 1990, University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award muEducation
- 2000, John S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
- 2011, Mutambo weChirungu cheAsturias muSocial Sciences
Selected Publications
Gardner, H. (1983; 2003). Mafaira ekufunga. Dzidziso ye multiple intelligences. New York: BasicBooks.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (2000). Mwoyo Wakadzidziswa: Zvisinganzwisisiki uye Miedzo Yakagadziriswa, Dzidzo yeK-12 Inofanirwa Nomwana Wose. New York: Penguin Putnam.
Multiple Intelligences vs. Learning Styles
Mubhuku rake ra2013 The App Generation , Gardner uye mubati wenyanzvi Katie Davis vanoratidza kuti dzidziso yezvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana inowanzotarisana nepfungwa yekudzidza maitiro. Izvo zviviri hazvina kufanana, Gardner anotsanangura uye anoshandisa purogiramu yemakombiyuta kuratidza kusiyana kwepfungwa.
Nzira dzemazuva ano dzenjere imwe chete dzinoratidza kuti pfungwa ine imwe chete, inopindira uye chinangwa-chinangwa "kombiyuta" inoratidzira Gardner mubhuku rake. Iyi kombiyuta inobva yasarudza kuti vanhu vanoita sei pane zvose zvehupenyu hwavo. Kubata kwaGarner kwemazano akawanda, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoreva kuti pfungwa ine nhamba ye "makombiyuta" anoshanda kakawanda achizvimiririra kune umwe uye anopa mazano ekusiyana kwepfungwa. Gardner anotenda kuti vanhu vangave pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pechinomwe ne10 zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana.
Kudzidza maitiro, kune rumwe rutivi, unobatanidza unhu hweunhu uye zvaanoda kudzidza. Dambudziko rine pfungwa yekudzidza mitambo, Gardner anotsanangura, ndeyekuti haisi ivo chete vanongotsanangurwa zvisinganzwisisiki, kutsvakurudza kwakawana uchapupu hushoma hwokuti kudzidzisa kune mudzidzi anonyanya kushandiswa kunobatsira pamigumisiro yekudzidza.
Gardner anosiyanisa pakati pemaonero ake akawanda uye pfungwa yekudzidza maitiro nenzira yekutsanangura mazano semafungiro emagetsi ekunyora mune imwe nzvimbo yakadai sekukwanisa kutaura mumashoko kana kuyanana kwepakati. Anotsanangura nzira dzekudzidza sekuti mudzidzi mumwe munhu anosvika sei pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzidzisa.
Sources:
Edutopia. (1997). Big Thinkers: Howard Gardner pa Multiple Intelligences. Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.edutopia.org/multiple-intelligences-howard-gardner-video.
Gardner, H. & Davis, K. (2013). The App Generation: Mazuva Ano Vechidiki Vanofamba Sei, Kushamwaridzana, uye Kufungidzira Munyika Dhidhijiti. Yale University Press.
Howard Gardner. (2010). Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://pzweb.harvard.edu/PIs/HG.htm
Howard Gardner: Nzvimbo uye Mikana. (2010). Yakadzorerwa kubva ku http://www.pz.harvard.edu/pis/HGposi.htm
Kornhaber, ML (2001) 'Howard Gardner' muJA Palmer (ed.) Makumi mashanu Mazuva Ano Mafungiro Padzidzo. Kubvira kuPiaget kusvikira zvino, London: Routledge.
Smith, Mark K. (2002, 2008) 'Howard Gardner uye Multiple Tntelligences', T Encyclopedia ye Informal Education, http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm.