Mamwe mazano makuru pamusoro pekuti vana vanokura sei nekukudziridza
Mwana wekugadzirisa zvinyorwa zvinotarisa pakutsanangura kuti vana vanochinja sei nekukura pamusoro pehuduku hwavo. Dzidziso dzakadaro dzinosanganisira pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvekusimudzira kusanganisira hutano, manzwiro, uye kugona kukura.
Kudzidza kwekusimudzirwa kwevanhu ndechidzidzo chepfuma uye chakasiyana. Isu tose tine ruzivo rwomunhu oga nekufambira mberi, asi dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti sei uye nei vanhu vachikura, kudzidza, uye kuita sezvavanoita.
Sei vana vachiita nenzira dzakasiyana? Iko maitiro avo akaenzana nezera ravo, hukama hwemhuri, kana mafungiro evanhu? Vashandi vezvepfungwa vanobudirira vanoedza kupindura mibvunzo yakadai pamwe nekunzwisisa, kutsanangura, uye kufanotaura maitiro anoitika mukati mehupenyu hwose.
Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kukura kwevanhu, nhamba dzakasiyana dzedzidziso dzekukura kwevana dzakasimuka kutsanangura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekukura kwevanhu.
Child Development Theories: Zvakaitika
Nheyo dzekuvandudza dzinopa urongwa hwekufunga nezvekukura kwevanhu nekudzidza. Asi nei tichidzidza kukura? Chii chatingadzidza kubva mupfungwa dzepfungwa dzekuvandudza? Kana iwe wakamboshamisika pamusoro pezvinovhiringidza pfungwa nemafungiro evanhu, kunzwisisa zvidzidzo izvi zvinogona kupa ruzivo runobatsira kuvanhu nevamwe.
Kunzwisisa Kwatinoita Kukura Kwevana Kwakashanduka Kwemakore
Kukura kwevana kunoitika kubvira pakuberekwa kusvika pakukura kwakanyanya kunyatsoratidzirwa mukati memakore akawanda evanhu.
Vana vaiwanzoonekwa sevashanduri vaduku vevanhu vakuru uye kunyanya kubhadharwa kwakabhadharwa nekufambira mberi kwakawanda mukugona kunzwisisa, kushandiswa kwemutauro, uye kukura mumuviri kunowanikwa muhuduku nekuyaruka.
Kufarira mumunda wekukura kwevana kwakatanga kubuda kutanga kwezana remakumi maviri nemakumi maviri, asi zvakange zvichinyanya kufunga nezvekuita zvisingaiti.
Pakupedzisira, vatsvakurudzi vakawedzerwa kufarira kune dzimwe nyaya dzinosanganisira kufanana nekugadzirisa vana pamwe chete nechinokonzera kukura.
Kudzidza Kukura Kwevana Kunotibvumira Kunzwisisa Mazhinji Kuchinja Kunoitika
Sei zvakakosha kudzidza kuti vana vanokura sei, kudzidza nekuchinja? Kunzwisiswa kwekukura kwevana kunokosha nokuti kunotibvumira kunyatsonzwisisa kusanganisa, manzwiro, muviri, hutano, uye kukura kwevana izvo vana vanopinda kubva pakuzvarwa uye kusvika pakukura.
Zvimwe zvemashoko makuru ekusimudzirwa kwevana anozivikanwa semadzano makuru; vanoedza kutsanangura zvinhu zvose zvekufambira mberi, kazhinji vachishandisa nzira yekuita. Vamwe vanozivikanwa se mini-theories; ivo panzvimbo yavo vanongorarisa chete pane zvishoma zvishoma nezvekusimudzira kwakafanana nekufungisisa kana hupfumi hwevanhu.
Izvi zvinotevera zvishomanana zvevana vazhinji vanofambisa pfungwa dzange dzakagadziridzwa nevanyori nevatsvakurudzi. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvenguva ichangopfuura zvinotsanangura matanho ekukura evana uye kuziva nguva yakafanana iyo inowedzera kukura uku.
Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory
Psychoanalytic theory yakatanga nebasa raSagmund Freud . Kuburikidza nebasa rake remakiriniki nevarwere vane chirwere chepfungwa, Freud akava nokutenda kuti zviitiko zvehucheche uye zvishuvo zvekusaziva hazvina kukanganisa maitiro.
Maererano naFeudud, kukakavadzana kunoitika panguva imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi kunogona kuva nehupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwose.
Freud yakarondedzera imwe yenhau dzakakurumbira dzakakurumbira dzekukura kwevana. Maererano neFrud's psychosexual theory , kukura kwevana kunowanikwa mumatanho ezvikamu zvinotarisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzomufaro dzomuviri. Munguva imwe neimwe yega, mwana anosangana nemakakatanwa anoita basa rinokosha mumutambo wekuvandudza.
Nheyo yake yakaratidza kuti simba re libido rakanga rakatarisa pane dzakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kukundikana kufambira mberi kuburikidza nechikwata kunogona kuguma nekugadziriswa panguva iyoyo mukurudzirwa, iyo Freud yaifunga kuti inogona kuita kuti munhu ave nemafambiro evanhu vakuru.
Saka chii chinoitika apo vana vanozadza nhanho imwe neimwe? Uye chii chinogona kuguma kana mwana akaita zvisina kunaka panguva imwechete mukubudirira? Kuzadza chiitiko chimwe nechimwe kubudirira kunounza kukura kwehupenyu hwevanhu vakuru. Kukundikana kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kweimwe nhanho kunogona kuguma nekugadzirisa kunogona kuve nekuita kuti munhu ave nemafambiro evanhu vakuru.
Nepo imwewo mwana unofambisa zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti hupenyu hunoramba huchichinja uye hukura pamusoro pehupenyu hwose, Freud aidavira kuti zvaiva zviitiko zvekutanga zvakakwanisa kuita basa guru pakuumba kukura. Maererano naFrud, unhu hunonyanya kuiswa mumatombo nezera remakore mashanu.
Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory
Psychoanalytic theory yakanga iri simba rakakura zvikuru mukati mehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Avo vakafuridzirwa uye vakakurudzirwa naFrud vakaramba vachiwedzera pane pfungwa dzaFrud uye vanovandudza mafungiro avo pachavo. Pakati pevaNeo-Freudians, pfungwa dzeErik Erikson dzave dzichive dzakanyanya kuzivikanwa.
Erikson nhanho masere masere ekukurudzirwa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa inotsanangura kukura uye kuchinja hupenyu hwose, vachitarisa mukubatana kwevanhu uye kukakavadzana kunobuda panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvandudza.
Kunyange zvazvo nharo yaErikson yekukura kwepfungwa dzakagadzirisa zvimwe zvakafanana na Freud's, zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana nenzira dzakawanda. Panzvimbo pokuisa pfungwa pane zvepabonde sechifambiso chekufambisa mukuvandudzika, Erikson aifunga kuti kushamwaridzana kwevanhu uye ruzivo rwakaita basa rakaoma.
Nharo yake yemakore masere ekufambira mberi kwevanhu yakatsanangura izvi kubva paucheche kuburikidza nerufu. Munguva imwe neimwe yega, vanhu vanotarisana nehutano hunoita hunoita kuti hurumende ishande uye iwedzere kukura.
Kusiyana nedzimwe dzakawanda dzidziso dzekusimudzira, Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory inotarisa kubudirira mukati mehupenyu hwose. Panzvimbo imwe neimwe, vana nevakuru vanotarisana nedambudziko rinokurudzira iro rinoshanda sechinhu chikuru chinochinja. Kubudirira kubudirira zvinetso zvegadziriro imwe neimwe kunoita kuti kuve kwehupenyu hwehupenyu hupenyu hwose.
Maitiro ekuvandudza vana Vana
Pakati pehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, chikoro chitsva chekufunga chakazivikanwa sekuti behaviorism chakasimuka kuva simba guru mukati mepfungwa. Behaviorists vaidavira kuti psychology inoda kuisa pfungwa pazviitiko zvinooneka uye zvisingagoni kuitika kuitira kuti vave nesayenzi yakawanda.
Maererano nemaitiro ekuzvibata, maitiro ose evanhu anokwanisa kurondedzerwa maererano nemagariro ezvakatipoteredza. Vamwe vanodzidza, vakadai saJohn B. Watson naBF Skinner , vakatsigira kuti dzidziso inowanikwa chete kuburikidza nehutano hwekushamwaridzana nekusimbisa.
Maitiro ekutevedza kwekukura kwevana anotarisa kuti kusangana kwekuchengetedzwa kwemagariro kunokanganisa sei maitiro uye kunobva pane zvinyorwa zvevanyori vakadai saJohn B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, uye BF Skinner. Idzidziso idzi dzinoshanda chete nemafungiro anooneka. Kubudirira kunofungidzirwa kuti inopindurwa kune mibairo, kurangwa, kukurudzira uye kusimbisa.
Iyi nyanzvi yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune dzimwe dzidziso dzekukura kwevana nokuti hazvipi kuongorora kufunga mukati kana manzwiro. Pane kudaro, inotarisa zvakananga pane maitiro ehupenyu hwatiri ani.
Zvinyorwa zviviri zvakakosha zvekudzidza izvo zvakabva kune iyi nzira yekukurudzira ndeyekuti classical conditioning uye inoshanda mamiriro ezvinhu . Chikoro chechimiro chinosanganisira kudzidza kuburikidza nekugadzira chiitiko chinowanzoitika nechinangwa chisati charerekera. Kushanda kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunoshandisa kusimbisa uye kurangwa kuchinja maitiro.
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
Nzwisisiro yekufungisisa inofanirwa nekugadzirwa kwemafungiro evanhu. Inotarisawo kuti mafungiro aya anoita sei kuti tinzwisise uye tibatane nenyika. Piaget akaronga pfungwa inoita seinooneka iye zvino, asi yakabatsira kugadzirisa maonero atinoita nezvokukura kwevana: Vana vanofunga zvakasiyana nevakuru .
Theorist Jean Piaget akarondedzera imwe yenhau dzakakosha zvikuru dzekugadzirisa njere . Nharo yake yekufungisisa inoda kutsanangura nekutsanangura kukura kwemafungiro nemafungiro epfungwa. Inotarisawo kuti mafungiro aya anofambisa sei nzira yatinonzwisisa nekubatana nenyika.
Piaget akabva ataura chirevo chekugadzirisa kwepfungwa kugadzirisa nhanho pamatanho uye kuenzanirana kwekuvandudzwa kwevana kwepfungwa.
- Iyo Sensorimotor Stage: Nguva yenguva pakati pekuberekwa nezera makore maviri panguva iyo ruzivo rwecheche rwenyika runogumira kune pfungwa dzake dzekunzwisisa uye motokari. Maitiro anongopedzisira kugadziriswa kwema motokari anokonzerwa nekushungurudza.
- The Preoperational Stage: Nguva iri pakati pemakore maviri ne6 panguva iyo mwana anodzidza kushandisa mutauro. Munguva iyi, vana vasati vachinzwisisa konkrititi, havagoni kushandisa pfungwa mupfungwa uye havagoni kutora pfungwa yevamwe vanhu.
- The Concrete Operational Stage: Nguva iri pakati pemakore manomwe ne11 panguva iyo vana vanowana kunzwisisa zviri nani kwekushanda kwepfungwa. Vana vanotanga kufunga nemanzwiro pamusoro pezvakaitika zviitiko, asi vane ruzivo rwekunzwisisa zvisinganzwisisiki kana pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki.
- Idzimiro Inoshandiswa Pakati Pakati : Nguva iripo pakati pezera remakore gumi nemaviri kusvika pakukura kana vanhu vachikudzidzira kukwanisa kufunga pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki. Unyanzvi hwakadai semafungiro anonzwisisika, kufungidzira kunobatsira, uye kurongwa kwakarongeka kunobudawo panguva iyi.
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
Pane hutsvakurudzo hwakawanda pamusoro pekugadzirisa hutano hwevana. John Bowbly akakurudzira chimwe chezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvekugara kwevanhu. Bowlby aidavira kuti hukama hwepakutanga nevanopa vachengeti vanoita basa guru mukukura kwevana uye vanoramba vachiita hukama hwehukama muupenyu hwose.
Bowlby's attachment theory yakaratidza kuti vana vanoberekwa vane chido chekuzvarwa kuti vaite zvigadziridzo. Kubatanidzwa kwakadaro kunobatsira mukurarama nekuvimbisa kuti mwana anogamuchira nekuchengetedzwa. Kwete izvozvo bedzi, asi zvinyorwa izvi zvinoratidzwa nemaitiro akajeka uye anokurudzira maitiro. Mune mamwe mazwi, vose vana nevanotarisira vanoita mumitemo yakagadzirirwa kuvimbiswa pedyo. Vana vanoedza kugara vari pedyo nekubatana nevanochengeta avo vanozopa nzvimbo dzakachengeteka uye nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekutsvaga.
Vatsvakurudzi vakawedzerawo pane basa rekutanga raBilllby uye vakaratidza kuti pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvekubatanidza mitambo iripo. Vana vanogamuchira rubatsiro rusingagumi uye kutarisirwa vanowanzoita kuti vave nekuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka, asi avo vanowana rubatsiro rusingatenderi vanogona kukudziridza chimiro chisingadikanwi, chekudzivirira, kana kusagadzikana.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Kudzidza kwevanhu munharaunda kunobva mubasa repfungwa dzepfungwa Albert Bandura . Bandura aidavira kuti mamiriro ekugadzirisa uye kusimbisa hakugoni kutsanangura zvakakwana kudzidza kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, chirongwa chekugadzirisa chirwere chinogona sei kubhadhara maitiro ekudzidza asina kumbosimbiswa kuburikidza nekugadzirisa mamiriro ekugadzirisa kana kushandiswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu?
Maererano nenharaunda yekudzidza kwevanhu, maitiro anokwanisawo kudzidziswa kuburikidza nekucherechedza nekuenzanisa. Nokucherechedza zviito zvevamwe, kusanganisira vabereki nevezera rako, vana vanovandudza unyanzvi hutsva uye vanowana ruzivo rutsva.
Bhuku raBambuura kukurudzira runyararo rinoratidza kuti kutarisa kunotora chikamu chakakosha pakudzidza, asi kuongorora hakufaniri hako kutora kutora maitiro ekutarisa muenzaniso wakararama. Pane kudaro, vanhu vanogonawo kudzidza kuburikidza nekuteerera mirairo yemashoko pamusoro pokuti ungaita sei maitiro uye kuburikidza nekucherechedza vanhu vechokwadi kana vanyengeri vanoratidza maitiro mumabhuku kana mafirimu.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Imwe nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inonzi Lev Vygotsky yakaronga chidzidzo chekudzidzisa seminendi chave chichienda pakuva nesimba, kunyanya mumunda wezvedzidzo. Kufanana naPiaget, Vygotsky aidavira kuti vana vanodzidza nekushingaira nemaoko-pane zvakaitika. Nyanzvi yake yezvematongerwo enyika yakaratidzawo kuti vabereki, vatarisi, vezera uye tsika yakakura vaiva nebasa rekusimudza mabasa epamusoro.
Mune maonero aVigotsky, kudzidza kunobatanidzwa munzanga. Mukutaurirana nevamwe, kudzidza kunowananidzwa mumunhu kunzwisisa kwepasi. Iyi nyanzvi yekusimudzira vana yakaisawo pfungwa yemuganhu wekutsvaga kwakanyanya, iyo ipo musiyano pakati pezvingaitwa nomunhu nerubatsiro uye zvavanogona kuita ivo pachavo. Iko nekubatsirwa kwevamwe vanoziva kuti vanhu vanogona kudzidza zvishoma nezvishoma nekuwedzera unyanzvi hwavo uye huwandu hwekunzwisisa.
Shoko Rinobva
Sezvaunogona kuona, vamwe vepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinozivikanwa zvikuru vakagadzira mafungiro kuti vabatsire kutsvaga nekutsanangura zvakasiyana-siyana zvekukura kwevana. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri izvo zvose izvi zvinogamuchirwa zvizere nhasi, zvose zvaiva nechinangwa chinokosha pakunzwisisa kwedu nekukura kwevana. Nhasi, vanofunga nezvemazuva ano vanowanzotarisa pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye maonero kuitira kuti vanzwisise kuti vana vanokura sei, vanobata, uye vanofunga.
Idzidziso idzi dzinomira zvishoma chete nenzira dzakasiyana dzekufunga nezvekukura kwevana. Muzvokwadi, kunyatsonzwisisa kuti vana vanoshandura nekukura sei pavanenge vachiri vaduku kunoda kutarisa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvinokonzera kukura mumuviri uye mupfungwa. Zvisikwa, nzvimbo, uye kushamwaridzana pakati pezvisimba izvi zviviri zvinotarisa kuti vana vanokura sei mumuviri uye mupfungwa.
> Sources
> Berk, LE. Child Development. 8th ed. USA: Pearson Education, Inc.; 2009.
> Shute, RH & Slee, PT. Child Development Theories uye Maonero Akakosha, Rudzi rweChipiri. New York: Routledge; 2015.