Zvigadzirwa zveMagariro Anokonzera Maitiro
Kuderedza kuderedza pfungwa yekukurudzira kwakave kwakakurumbira muma1940 ne1950 senzira yekutsanangura maitiro, kudzidza, nekukurudzira. Dzidziso iyi yakasikwa nemudzidzisi Clark Hull uye yakasimudzirwa nemushandi wake Kenneth Spence. Maererano nedzidziso, kuderedzwa kwemotokari ndiro chinhu chinonyanya kushandiswa.
Kunyange zvazvo kuderedza-kuderedza pfungwa dzekukurudzira kwaimbova simba guru mune zvepfungwa, kunyanya kusatariswa nhasi.
Pasinei neizvi, zvakakosha kuti vadzidzi vadzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinangwa zveHull kuitira kuti vanzwisise kushanda kwebasa rake pane zvepfungwa uye kuona kuti vamwe vanyori vakapindura sei vachitaura zvavanoda.
Nhoroondo yeHull's Theory
Hull aiva mumwe wevokutanga vanodzidza kuedza kuumba nharo huru yakagadziriswa kutsanangura maitiro ose. Akatanga kusimbisa nheyo yake nguva pfupi mushure mokunge atanga kushanda paYunivhesiti Yale, achikwevera pane pfungwa kubva kune vamwe vanofungidzira vanoverengeka kusanganisira Charles Darwin, Ivan Pavlov , John. B. Watson , uye Edward L. Thorndike . Akatevedzera nheyo yake pamusoro pechiratidzo che homeostasis , pfungwa yokuti muviri unoshingaira kuchengetedza imwe nzvimbo yekuenzanisa kana kuenzana. Semuenzaniso, muviri wako unotarisa kutonhora kwayo kuitira kuti uone kuti hausi kupisa kana kutonhora. Hull aitenda kuti mufambiro ndeimwe yenzira iyo mhuka inochengetedza izvi.
Kubva pane pfungwa iyi, Hull akarayira kuti zvose zvinokurudzira zvinomuka semugumisiro wezvinodiwa zvehupenyu.
Mune maonero ake, Hull akashandisa izwi rokuti kutsvaira kureva kune mamiriro ekugadzikana kana kumutswa kunokonzerwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu kana hwepanyama. Chinhu chechitatu, nzara, uye chido chekudziya ndeye mienzaniso yekufambisa. Imotokari inoumba mamiriro asina kunaka, dambudziko rinoda kuderedzwa.
Kuti udzikise hurumende iyi, vanhu nemhuka vanoedza nzira dzekuzadzisa izvi zvido zvehupenyu.
Tinowana kunwa kana tine nyota. Tinodya apo tine nzara. Isu tinoshandisa iyo thermostati patinotonhora. Akaratidza kuti vanhu nezvipfuwo zvichadzokorora chero hupi hupi hunoita kuti zvideredza izvi.
Kugadzirisa uye Kuvandudza
Hull inofungidzirwa kuva neo-behaviorist thinker, asi semamwe maitiro makuru ekutenda, aitenda kuti mufambiro wevanhu unogona kutsanangurwa nekugadzirisa nekusimudzira. Kuderedzwa kwekufambisa kunoita sekusimbiswa kwekuzvibata. Uku kusimbiswa kunowedzera mukana wekuti unhu humwe huchazoitikazve munguva yemberi apo zvinodiwa zvakafanana. Kuti urarame mune zvakatipoteredza, mhuka inofanirwa kuzvibata nenzira dzinosangana nezvinodiwa izvi zvinopona.
"Kana kupona kuri pangozi, mhuka inenge iri munharaunda yezvinodiwa (apo zvido zvehupenyu zvekupona hazvisati zvasangana) naizvozvo muviri unoita nenzira yekuderedza chido ichocho," akadaro Hull.
Muchikurudziro-kugadzirisa (SR) ukama, apo kukurudzira uye kupindura kunoteverwa nekuderedza kudiwa, kunowedzera mukana wekuti kukurudzira kumwechete kuchaita kuti mhinduro imwechete iite zvakare mune ramangwana.
Hull's Mathematical Deductive Theory of Behavior
Chinangwa cheHull chaiva kukudziridza chidzidzo chekudzidza chinogona kuratidzirwa masvomhu, kugadzira "chimiro" kutsanangura uye kunzwisisa manzwiro evanhu.
I "Mathematical Deductive Theory of Behavior" yaakagadzira yakanga yakaita seizvi:
SE = V x D x K x J x SHR-sI - Ir-sO-sR
- SE: Kuve nekugutsikana, kana mukana wekuti mhuka inobereka mhinduro (r) kumusungo (s)
- V: Stimulus simba simba dynamism, zvinoreva kuti zvimwe zvinokurudzira zvichava nemasimba makuru kupfuura mamwe
- D: Gadzira simba, rakagadzirirwa nehuwandu hwehupenyu hwekushaiwa
- K: Kukurudzirwa kukurudzira, kana hukuru kana hukuru hwechinangwa
- J: Kuzononoka pamberi pemhuka kunobvumirwa kutsvaka kusimbiswa
- sHr: Habit simba, yakagadzwa nehuwandu hwemamiriro ekutanga
- slr: Yakagadziriswa inhibition, yakakonzerwa nekushayikwa kwekare kusimbiswa
- lr: Reactive inhibition, kana kuneta
- sOr: Random error
- sR: Reaction chikamu, kana kuti chiduku chiduku chekusimbisa icho chichaita kuti dzidzidze
Nzira yeHull yakaratidzwa nevakawanda seyakanyanya kuoma, asi panguva imwe chete, vatsoropodzi vakakurudzira kuti motokari-kuderedza zvidzidzo yakakundikana kutsanangura zvakazara vanhu zvinokurudzira. Basa rake rakaita, zvakadaro, rine simba pamagariro evanhu uye mune remangwana pfungwa dzekukurudzira.
Contemporary Views uye Kururamisa
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yaHull yaive yakakurumbira mukati mepakati pezana remakore rechi20, yakatanga kusava nehanya nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Nemhaka yekusimbisa kwake kuongorora zvinyorwa zvake nenzira yakanyatsorondedzerwa, nheyo yake inoshaya generalizability. Zvisinei, kusimbiswa kwake pamagetsi ekuedza kwakasimba uye nzira dzezvesayenzi zvakakosha zvikuru mundima yepfungwa.
Imwe yezvinetso zvakakura neHull's drive reduction theory ndeyokuti hazvirevi kuti zvidzidzo zvechipiri zvinoderedza sei kufamba. Kusiyana nekufambisa kwakadai sekushaya nzara uye nyota, vatsigiri vechipiri havaiti chinhu chinopedza zvakananga kuderedza hupenyu hwehupenyu nehupenyu. Tora mari, somuenzaniso. Kunyange mari inokubvumira kuti utenge zvigaro zvekusimudzira, hazviiti chinhu uye uye pachako kuderedza zvinotyaira. Pasinei neizvi, mari inoramba ichishanda semasimba ane simba ekusimbisa.
Chimwe chikonzero chikuru chekuderedza kuderedza pfungwa dzekudzidza ndechokuti haritauri kuti nei vanhu vachiita maitiro asina kuderedza zvidhairi. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vanowanzodya kana vasina nzara kana kunwa kana vasina nyota. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vanhu vanonyatsopindira mubasa rinowedzera kukakavara kwakafanana nekudenga-diving kana bungee kutumbuka. Sei vanhu vachitsvaka mabasa asingaiti chinhu kuti azadzise zvido zvehupenyu uye izvo chaizvoizvo unozviisa mumatambudziko akawanda? Dhiyabhorosi-kuderedza zvidzidzo haigoni kuverenga nezvekuzvibata kwakadaro.
Migumisiro Pakupedzisira Ongororo
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yaHull yave isingagamuchirwi mune zvepfungwa, ichichiri kukosha kunzwisisa zvakakanganiswa kune vamwe vanyori vepfungwa panguva iyoyo uye kuti yakabatsira sei pakuzoongorora mune zvepfungwa.
Kuti tinzwisise zvakazara dzidziso dzakauya shure kwazvo, zvakakosha kuti vadzidzi vanyatsonzwisisa zvidzidzo zveHull'sory. Semuenzaniso, dzakawanda zvedzidziso dzinokurudzira dzakavapo mukati ma1950 nema1960 dzaive dzakatangira nheyo yekutanga yeHull kana dzakanga dzichifunga nezvekupa dzimwe nzira dzekuderedza-kuderedza pfungwa. Imwe muenzaniso mukuru ndeyeAbbas Maslow vane hurumende yakakurumbira yezvido , izvo zvakabuda seimwe nzira yeHull's approach.
> Sources:
> Hull CL. Zvinokanganisa Mafungiro Okudzidza: Nzira Yakabuda. Psychological Review . 1935; 42: 491-516.
> Schultz DP, Schultz SE. A History of Modern Psychology. 11th ed. Cengage Kudzidza; 2016.