Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nechimiro chekufungisisa kwepfungwa umo manzwiro edu ose omunhu anokonzera manzwiro atinoita uye kufunga pamusoro pehupenyu hwake. Chaizvoizvo, mafungiro ako evanhu ("Akanaka!") Anogadzirisa maonero ako emunhu chaiye ("Akangwarawo!").
Chimwe chimiro chikuru chekuita kwechihedheni chiri chiito ndechekuda kwedu kwevanhu vanozivikanwa. Sezvo tichivaona sevakanaka, vanobudirira, uye vanowanzodiwa, tinowanzovaona sevakangwara, vane mutsa, uye vanonakidza.
Tsanangudzo dzeHalo Effect
- "Uyewo anozivikanwa sechimiro chekugadzirwa kwechimiro uye " chinonzi chakanakisisa chakanaka "chirevo , chiitiko chechihedheni, paanonyanya kuratidza, chinoreva maitiro evanoita vanhu kuti vaone vanhu vanoyemura zvakanakisisa nokuda kweunhu hwavo kana humwe unhu kupfuura avo avo vanove vasina kunaka.Halo effect inoshandiswawo nenzira yakazara kurondedzera huwandu hwepasi rose hwekunakidza unhu , kana humwe unhu hunodiwa, pakusarudza kutonga kwevanhu vanotarirwa pane imwe nharaunda.Naizvozvo, manzwiro anowanzogadzirisa maitiro apo isu verengedza vamwe. "
- (Imire, LG, muSAGE Encyclopedia Social Social Research Methods, Volume 1 , 2004)
- "Mukudzidza kwakaitwa muna 1915 yevashandi vemabhizimisi maviri makuru emabhizimisi, zvakaonekwa kuti kuenzana kwemunhu mumwechete mune unhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwakadai sekuchenjera, zvemabhizimisi, unyanzvi hwemhizha, kuvimbika, ect, nezvimwe, zvakanyanya kwazvo yakabatana uye yakanyatsoronganiswa yakafanana ... Kuyera kwakaratidzika kunokanganisa netsika yakajeka yekufunga nezvemunhu wese zvake sekunaka kana kuti kwete pasi uye kutarisa kutonga kwehutano nemanzwiro evanhu vakawanda. zvakasarudzwa nezvakaitwa nemunhu mumwechete semunhu wese zvakaratidzwa mukukanya kwevakuru vakuru vakagadzirwa nevakuru vavo muuto. "
- (Thorndike, EL, "Chimwe Chinhu Chisinganzwisisiki muMapfungwa Pakuongorora," 1920)
Nhoroondo yeHalo Effect
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Edward Thorndike akatanga kugadzira izwi iri mupepanhau ra1920 rakanzi "The Constant Error in Psychological Ratings." Mukutsvaga kunotsanangurwa mupepa, Thorndike akakumbira vakuru vakuru muuto kuti vaongorore hutano hwakasiyana mumashure avo pasi. Zvinhu izvi zvaisanganisira zvinhu zvakadai seutungamiri, chitarisiko chemuviri, njere, kuvimbika, uye kuvimbika.
Chinangwa cheTrirndike chakanga chiri chekutarisa kuti kuenzana kwehumwe hutano kwakanyengedzwa sei kuongororwa kwezvimwe zvinhu. Akaona kuti kukwirira kwakawanda kwehumwe hutano hwakakanganiswa nehupamhi hwekuyera kwehumwe hutsika, asi kuipa kusinganzwisisiki kwehumwe hutsika kwakakonzera kuderedzwa kwechimwe chezvimwe zvinhu.
"Kuwirirana kwaive kwakakwirira uye kunyange," akanyora kudaro Thorndike. "Nemuenzaniso, kune vatatu vanotevera vanodzidza kuwirirana kwechimiro nehuchenjeri kune .31; nekuda kwechimiro neutungamiri, .39; uye nokuda kwehupenyu nehuyu, .28."
Saka nei maonero edu ose evanhu achigadzira iyi halo iyo inoita kuti tive nekuongorora maitiro chaiwo? Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kukwezva chinhu chimwe chinogona kuita basa.
Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvakawana kuti patinotarisa vanhu sevakanaka, tinowanzova nokutenda kuti vane unhu hwakanaka uye kuti ivo vanonyanya kuchenjera. Chimwe chidzidzo chakatowana kuti jurors vakanga vashoma kutenda kuti vanhu vakanaka vakanga vane mhosva yekuita zvakaipa.
Zvisinei, izvi zvinokwezva zvinokwezva zvinogonawo kuva munondo unocheka nepakati. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti kunyange zvazvo vanhu vachikwanisa kupa humwe huno hwakanaka kune vanhu vanoyemura, ivo vanogonawo kutenda kuti vanhu vakanaka vanoita zvisina maturo, vasina kutendeseka, uye vanogona kushandisa kushandira kwavo kuti vashandise vamwe.
Mherechedzo
- "Mukirasi, vadzidzisi vanozviisa pasi pechiratidzo chekukanganisa maitiro avo pavanongororedza vadzidzi vavo. Somuenzaniso, mudzidzisi anoona mudzidzi akazvibata angave achifunga kuti mudzidzi uyu anotsvaira, anoshingaira, uye akabatana asati aita mudzidzisi akaongorora kukosha kwemudzidzi munzvimbo idzi.Zvino izvi zviitiko zveHalo zvinowanzoitika, zvinogona kukanganisa kuvhota kwevadzidzi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekushanda uye zvinogona kukanganisa chikoro chevadzidzi. "
- (Rasmussen, Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, Volume 1 , 2008)
- "Pakugadzirisa basa, chiitiko chemaitiro chinonyanya kuonekwa mumutariri wekuongororwa kwebasa riri pasi pekushanda.Kutaura zvazviri, kuitika kwechikafu kunogona kunge kunowanzoshamisika mukushanda kwekuongorora. Funga nezvezvinoitika kana mutariri ari kuongorora kushanda kwemudiki.Mutevedzeri anogona kupa mukurumbira kune chimwe chimiro chomushandi, sekushingaira, uye kubvumira kuti kuongorora kwose kuve kwakajeka uye kuti anotonga sei mushandi pane izvozvi. inoda ruzivo kana kukwanisa kuita basa racho kubudirira, kana basa romushandi richiratidzira kushingaira, mutariri anogona kumubatsira chaizvo kuti aite basa rakakwirira kudarika rakarurama neruzivo kana kukwanisa. "
- (Schneider, FW, Gruman, JA, & Coutts, LM, Applied Social Psychology , 2012)
Chiitiko cheHalo PaKushanda Munyika Yechokwadi
Sezvamunoverenga pamusoro, chiitiko chemahara chinogona kukanganisa kuti vadzidzisi vanobata sei vadzidzi, asi zvinogonawo kuita kuti vadzidzi vaone vadzidzisi. Mune rumwe ruzivo, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti apo murayiridzi aionekwa seashamwari uye ane ushamwari, vadzidzi vakamuratidzawo sekunakidza, kufadza, uye kunofadza.
Vatengesi vanoshandisa zvido zvehutori kutengesa zvigadzirwa nemabasa. Apo mutauriri wevanhu vakakurumbira anotsigira chimwe chinhu, kuongorora kwedu kwakanaka kwomunhu uyu kunogona kupararira kune maonero edu nezvechigadzirwa chacho pachako.
Vashandi veJobho vanogonawo kunzwa manzwiro emuitiro we halo. Kana uyo anotarisira kubhadhara achiona munhu anenge achikumbira seanokwezva kana achidiwa, ivo vanowanzoitawo kuti munhu wacho ave akachenjera, ane unyanzvi, uye anokwanisa.
Saka, nguva inotevera iwe uchiedza kuongorora mumwe munhu, kana chiri kusarudza kuti mupi wezvematongerwo enyika angasarudze kana kuti firimu rionei musi weChishanu manheru, funga kuti maonero ako evanhu angakonzera sei kuongororwa kwezvimwe zvinhu.
Iko mafungiro ako emunhu anonyatsopinda ari mukurukuri wehurukuro yevanhu anokutungamirira iwe kunzwa sokuti akachenjerawo, ane mutsa, uye anoshanda zvakaoma here? Kufunga kuti mumwe mutambi akanaka-kutarisawo zvakare kukutungamirira iwe kufunga kuti ndiye mutambi ane simba here?
Kunyatsoziva kuitika kwehutori, zvisinei, hazviiti kuti zvive nyore kudzivisa simba rayo pamaonero edu uye zvisarudzo.
> Sources:
> Rasmussen, K. Halo Effect. Muna NJ Salkind & K. Rasmussen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, Bhuku 1 . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc .; 2008.
> Schneider, FW, Gruman, JA, & Coutts, LM Applied Social Psychology: Kunzwisisa uye Kutaura Nezvehutano uye Matambudziko Anoshanda. London: SAGE Publications, Inc .; 2012.
> Imire, LG Halo Effect. Muna MS Lewis-Black, A. Bryman, & TF Liao (Eds.), SAGE Encyclopedia Social Social Research Method, Volume 1 . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc .; 2004.
> Thorndike, EL The Constant Error in Psychological Ratings. Nyaya yeApplied Psychology. 1920; 4, 25-29.