Masayenzi eAsch's seminal akaratidza simba rekufananidza
IAsch maitiro ekuenzanisa aiva akawandisa ekuongorora kwepfungwa kwakaitwa naSolomon Asch muma1950. Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti maonero evanhu pachake anokonzerwa neavo mapoka. Asch akawana kuti vanhu vaida kuregeredza chokwadi uye kupa mhinduro isina kururama kuitira kuti vashandise neboka rose.
Kunyatsoongorora Pakuenderana
Iwe unofunga nezvako sekuwirirana here kana kuti kusingawirirani? Kana iwe wakaita sevanhu vazhinji, zvichida unotenda kuti iwe hauna-conformist zvakakwana kuti ukwanise kumira kune boka kana iwe uchiziva kuti iwe wakarurama, asi fambisa zvakakwana kuti uwirirane nevamwe vezera rako rose. Asi kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti vanhu kazhinji vanowanzogadzikana kuwirirana pane zvavanofunga kuti vangangove.
Chimbofungidzira iwe uri mumamiriro ezvinhu aya: Wakaisimudza kuti ubatane mune imwe yeruzivo rwepfungwa yekuti iwe unobvunzwa kuti upedze kuongorora kwemaonero.
Wakagara muimba nevamwe vatori vechikamu, iwe unoratidzwa chikamu chendaneti uye wakabvunzwa kusarudza mutsara wakaenzana kubva kune boka rezvikamu zvitatu zvehurefu hwakasiyana.
Iko kuedza kunobvunza mumwe nomumwe mubatanidzwa mumwechete kuti asarudze imwe nhamba yemutsara. Pane dzimwe nguva munhu wose ari muboka anosarudza mutsara wakarurama, asi pane dzimwe nguva, vamwe vatori vechikamu vanotaura pamwe chete kuti rumwe rutivi rwuri chaizvoizvo mamiriro akakodzera.
Saka iwe unoitei apo muedzo anokubvunza kuti ndeipi mutsara iwoyo mutsara wakakodzera? Iwe unofamba nemhinduro yako yekutanga, kana iwe unosarudza kufanana nevamwe vose veboka racho?
Solomon Asch's Conformity Experiments
Mukufunga kwepfungwa, kuwirirana kunoreva mutsa wega wega wekutevera mitemo isingatauri kana mafambiro eboka revanhu raanogara naro.
Vatsvakurudzi vave vachida kuziva kuti vanhu vanotevera kana kuti vanopandukira tsika dzevanhu. Asch aifarira kutarisa kuti kudzvinyirirwa kubva kuboka kunogona kutungamirira vanhu kuwirirana sei, kunyange pavaiziva kuti boka rose rakange risina kururama. Chinangwa chekuedza kwaAsch? Kukuratidza simba rekufananidza mumapoka.
Maitiro eAsch Akabatwa Sei?
Kuongorora kwaAsch kunosanganisira kuva nevanhu vakanga vari "mukati" pakuedza kuzviita sokuti vaitora nguva dzose pamwe chete nevaya vakanga varipo, vasingazivi nyaya dzekudzidza. Izvo zvakanga zviri paya kuedza zvaizoita nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuona kana zviito zvavo zvine simba kune chaivo vanoedza kuongorora.
Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, mumwe mudzidzi wechidiki asina kudzidza akaiswa muimba nevamwe vanobatana navo vakanga vari "pane" kuedza. Zvidzidzo zvisingatauri zvakaudzwa kuti vakanga vari kutora mu "maonero ekuona." Zvose zvakataurwa, chikamu chevana makumi mashanu vaive vatori vechikamu vaiva chikamu chechiitiko cheAsch chekuedza.
Vavatanidzwa vose vakaudzwa kuti mhinduro dzavo dzaizove dzipi apo mutsara wenyaya waiiswa. Asi mubatsiri wevahedheni, zvisinei, vakanga vasina kunyanya kuti vamwe vadzidzi vakanga vasingabatanidzi. Mushure mokunge mutambo wakatariswa, mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe aitaura nemashoko kuti ndeupi mutsetse (angave A, B, kana C) akafananidza chinangwa chedu.
Pakanga pane miedzo 18 yakasiyana mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuedza uye vimbatanidzwa vakapa mhinduro dzisina kururama mukati mavo gumi nemaviri, ayo Asch akazvitumidza se "maitiro akaoma." Chinangwa chematambudziko aya ndechekuona kana vatori vechikamu vaizochinja mhinduro yake kuitira kuti vaite maererano nezvakaitwa nevamwe vari muboka.
Pakati pekutanga chekutanga, vatipikisheni vakapindura mibvunzo zvakarurama. Zvisinei, ivo vakazotanga kupa mhinduro dzisina kururama kubva pane zvavakange vadzidziswa nevanoedza.
Chidzidzo chacho chakabatanidzawo 37 vatori vechikamu mumamiriro ekudzivirira . Izvi zvinosanganisira kuva nemugove mumwe nomumwe kupa mhinduro yavo kumushandi wekutanga uye chete muongorori mune imwe nzvimbo uye pasina boka revanopindirana.
Migumisiro yeAsch Conformity Experiments
Inenge 75 kubva muzana yevatori vechikamu muzviongororwo zvakafanana vakaenda pamwe chete neboka rose pane imwe nguva. Mushure mokubatanidza miedzo, zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti vatori vechikamu vanofananidzwa neboka risina kukwana rinopindura chikamu chimwe chetatu chenguva.
Kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti vatori vechikamu vakakwanisa kunyatsorongedza urefu hwemitsara, vatori vechikamu vakakumbirwa kuti mumwe nomumwe anyore mamiriro akakodzera. Maererano nemigumisiro iyi, vatori vechikamu vakanga vakarurama chaizvo mumatare avo ekutonga, kusarudza mhinduro yakarurama 98 muzana yenguva.
Izvo zviongorori zvakatarisawo kuitika kwekuti nhamba yevanhu varipo muboka yakanga yakafanana. Apo imwechete imwe chete yakabatanidzwa yakanga iripo, pakanga pasina chaicho chakaita pane mhinduro dzevatori vechikamu. Kuvapo kwevaviri vimbatanidzwa kwakanga kune zvishoma zvishoma. Nhamba yekuenzanirana yakaonekwa nevatatu kana kupfuura vaperekedzi yakanga yakanyanya kukosha.
Asch akawana zvakare kuti kuva nemumwe wevimbisheni anopa mhinduro yakarurama apo vamwe vose vevimbisheni vakapa mhinduro isina kururama inoderedza kufanana. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu, zvikamu zvishanu kubva kune gumi kubva muzana zvevatori vechikamu zvakafananidzwa neboka rose reboka racho. Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakatsigirawo izvi, zvichiratidza kuti kuva nerutsigiro rwemagariro inokosha pakurwisa kufanana.
Ndezvipi Zvinoguma Zvakaitwa neAsch Kugadzirisa Kuongorora Kunoratidze?
Pakupera kwekuedza, vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa kuti nei vaenda pamwe neboka rose. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, vadzidzi vakataura kuti kunyange zvazvo vaiziva kuti boka rose rakange risina kunaka, vaisadi kuisa pangozi vachitarisana nekuseka. Vashoma vevatori vechikamu vakaratidza kuti ivo vakatenda kuti dzimwe nhengo dzeboka racho dzakarurama mumhinduro dzavo.
Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwirirana kunogona kukanganisa zvose nechido chekukodzera uye nekutenda kuti vamwe vanhu vane njere kana kuti vanonyatsoziva. Zvichienderana nehutano hwekuenzanirana kunoonekwa muongororo dzeAsch, kufanana kunogona kusimba zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo-hupenyu apo zvinokurudzira zvinonyanya kuoma kana zvakaoma kutonga.
Zvinokonzera Izvozvo Zvinokurudzira Kuita
Asch akaenderera mberi kuti aite zvimwe zviongorori kuitira kuti aone kuti chii chakaita kuti vanhu vawirirane uye sei. Akawana kuti:
- Kuwirirana kunowanzowedzera kana vanhu vakawanda varipo. Zvisinei, pane zvishoma kuchinja kana boka reboka richienda kupfuura vanhu vana kana mashanu.
- Kuwirirana kunowedzerawo kana basa racho richiva rakaoma. Mukutarisana nekusava nechokwadi, vanhu vanotendeukira kune vamwe kuti vawane ruzivo pamusoro pekuita.
- Kuwirirana kunowedzera apo dzimwe nhengo dzeboka racho dzinzvimbo yepamusoro yevanhu. Apo vanhu vanoona vamwe vari muboka sevane simba, vane simba, kana vane ruzivo kupfuura ivo, vanowanzoenda pamwe neboka.
- Kuwirirana kunoita kuderera, zvisinei, apo vanhu vanogona kupindura vari voga. Tsvakurudzo yakaratidzawo kuti kuwirirana kunoderera kana vane rubatsiro kubva kune mumwe munhu mumwe chete muboka.
Mitsoropodzo yeAsch Kuwirirana Mazano
Chimwe chekutsoropodza kukuru kwekuenzanisa kweAsch kufanirwa pane zvikonzero nei vatori vechikamu vanosarudza kuenderana. Maererano nevamwe vatsoropodzi, vanhu vangave vakanyatsokurudzirwa kuti vasapesana, panzvimbo pekuda kwekuda kufanana neboka rose.
Imwe kutsoropodza ndeyokuti migumisiro yekuedza kwebasa ingaita kuti irege kuitika kune chaiyo-nyika mamiriro ezvinhu. Zvisinei, vazhinji vehupfumi hwemagariro evanhu vanofunga kuti kunyange zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo enyika angasave akajeka sezvaanoita mubasa racho, kunyanya kushandiswa kwevanhu kunobatanidzwa kunogona kunge kwakanyanya kukuru, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kukura maitiro.
Mipiro yeAsch kuPychology
IAsch kuenzanisa kwezvakaitwa ndevamwe vanozivikanwa zvikuru munhoroondo yepfungwa uye vakafuridzira hupfumi hwekutsvakurudza kwakawedzerwa pakuenzanisa nekuita kweboka. Tsvakurudzo iyi yakapa ruzivo rwakakosha kuti sei, sei, uye apo vanhu vanofananidza uye zvinokonzera kushamwaridzana kwevanhu mumitemo.
> Sources:
> Britt, MA. Ongororo dzePfungwa: Kubva Pavlov's Dogs kusvika kuRorschach's Inkblots. Avon, MA: Adams Media; 2017.
> Myers, DG. Kuongorora Psychology. New York: Worth Worth Publishers; 2009.