Mescaline, inozivikanwawo se 2- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine, inonzi hallucinogenic drug inowanzoitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinonzi cacti dzinowanikwa kuSouth West United States, Mexico, uye South America. Izvi zvinosanganisira peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), trichocereus pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), uye trichocereus peruvianus (Peruvian Torch cactus).
Mescaline chinhu chinonakidza, chine nhoroondo yakareba mumabhuku ekufunga nezvepfungwa uye basa rinokosha mumitambo yekare uye yemazuva ano.
Cultural Uses
Mescaline yakashandiswa nevaAmerica vezviuru zvemakore mumitambo yechitendero uye yekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwepayote hakubvumirwi nemutemo muUnited States, inozivikanwa sa sacramente muNative American Church yeNorth America, zvichiita kuti kukurukurirana noMusiki pave kubatsirwa neAmman, iyo yakaenzana nemupristi kana mushumiri.
Apo peyote inoshandiswa nenzira iyi inoregererwa kubva kune yakarongwa seShedu 1 inodzorwa nemishonga pasi pe1994 Indian Indian Religious Freedom Act. Iyi kuregererwa kwave kuri kuenderera mberi uye kukakavadzana kwemakore akawanda, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wemhosva wakatsanangura kuti kunyange nhengo dzeNative American Church dzisina vana veAmerica madzitateguru dzinogona kushandisa mutemo peyote mumamiriro ezvinhu aya.
Mascaline inogadzirwa kubva muchero kana zvimedu zvinokura kune kunze kwecactus, iyo inoparadzwa uye yakaomeswa uye inodyiwa kana yakatswa, yakabikwa, uye inodha seyi. Migumisiro ye mescaline yakaguma kwemaawa 10 kusvika ku12, kunyange kushandiswa kwemascaline se sacramente kunoitika kwemazuva maviri.
Mescaline dzimwe nguva anonzi mescal.
Izvi zvinowanzovhiringidzika newaini yekudhakwa yeMexico, mezcal, iyo, pasinei nemishonga yemishonga, inogadzirwa kubva kugave, kwete cactus, uye haina ma mescaline. Ihonye iyo dzimwe nguva inowanikwa mubhodhoro re mezcal haisi, sezvinowanzotaurwa, inokonzera mutekete we mescaline nekuti hauna ma-mescaline kana.
Kunyange zvazvo mescaline isiri mishonga inonyanya kuzivikanwa mumugwagwa, inobata nzvimbo inokosha mune tsika yekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka uye kunyanya pakati pevashandisi vezvinodhaka zvepilchedelic vanogona kutenda kuti, saiyo magic mushroom uye mbanje, iyo psychedelic cactus inomera zvitsvene uye inofanira kuremekedzwa nekuda kwekuitika kwavo mumasikirwo.
Zvisiri-Mhemberero Shandisa
Kunyange zvazvo peyote inogona kushandiswa neVanhu veAmerica zviri pamutemo maererano nemitambo yemitambo, chikamu chiduku chinoshandisa chinhu ichi mumitambo yekuvaraidza. Kunyange zvazvo tsvakurudzo iripo isiri yakawanda, imwe yedzidzo yevana veNative America vekuyaruka iyo yakauya kumatambudziko anoshandiswa kwekugara kwemishonga yekushandisa kurapa yakaitwa pakati pa1991 na1200. Purogiramu yehutano yakagadzirirwa kupa rubatsiro rwakakwana kune vanhu vane zvinodhaka uye zvimwe -kuwedzera matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa uye kushandiswa nenzira yakagadzikana yekurapa.
Vazhinji vevadzidzi vacho vaiva vakomana (65 muzana), avo vasina kubva kumhuri yemubereki maviri (75 muzana). Vaiwanzoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, pavhareji yepamusoro pechishanu uye vakarondedzera zviratidzo zvakasiyana siyana uye zvinetso zvine chokuita nekushandisa kwezvinhu. Kunze kwevana makumi mapfumbamwe, vechidiki gumi chete (11,2 muzana) vakarondedzera kushandiswa kwakashata kwe peyote. Vazhinji vavo vakati vainge vachishandisa peyote isina kukodzera kamwe kana kaviri muupenyu hwavo. Vaya vakanga vashandisa peyote isina kukodzera vainyanya kubudisa maitiro akaderera ekutsigirwa kwevanhu, hutsika hwakaderera hwekuzviremekedza, uye kuderedzwa kwechimiro cheNative American tsika, kunyange zvazvo vaine matanho akafanana ekubatanidzwa muNative American tsika dzekare sevaya vasina kushandisa mvumo mescaline.
Vanyori vekuongorora vakagumisa kuti kushandiswa kwemashoko asingashandisi ma mescaline hakusi kwakajairika pakati pevechiri kuyaruka veAmerica vane zvinetso zvekushandisa zvinodhaka zvakanyanya.
Nzvimbo dzakakurumbira
Mescaline ndiyo yakanga yakashandiswa neAldous Huxley, iyo yakamufuridzira kunyora magwaro ekutanga pane zvepfungwa dzepachechedelic, The Doors of Perception , yakabudiswa muna 1954.
Huxley akatsanangura chiitiko chekutora mescaline sekuzarura nzira itsva dzekutarisa nyika iyo yakanga isina kuwanikwa kwaari asati atora mishonga. Imba yePumburu , kufemerwa kwezita remweya wepilchedelic rock band The Doors , yakashanda mukusimudzira kupararira kwakawanda kwemishonga inonzi hallucinogenic muma1960, kunyange zvazvo yaiva LSD panzvimbo pane mescaline iyo yainyanya kushandiswa panguva iyoyo.
Kare kare Huxley isati yanyorwa ma-mescaline rwendo, ruzivo rwekutora mescal rwakanyorwa nechekuzivikanwa mupfungwa wepfungwa Havelock Ellis, uyo akacherechedza zvizhinji zvezviitiko zvakazotevera zvakatsanangurwa nevamwe. Sezvakaita neHuxley, Ellis akatsanangura chiitiko chekutora mescaline zvakanaka, achichiona ichikurudzira pamusoro pemaviri, manzwiro, uye mazano. Ellis akafanotaura remangwana rakanaka remishonga, izvo zvaaitarisira zvakanga zvine simba guru rekushandisa kurapwa.
Muna 2013 mishonga iyi yaiva nyaya yeChechi Crystal Fairy uye Magical Cactus . Zvinosuruvarisa, iyi firimu yaiva mukana wakakanganiswa wekupa ruzivo rwechiitiko chechirwere, kuisa pfungwa panzvimbo yevanhu vechidiki vaduku 'kuedza kuwana mishonga uye kushamwaridzana pakati pevanhu. Apo vasingaoneki pakati pevamwe vanhu vanopedzisira vava kutenderera kupedza chinhu ichocho, pane kusiyana kwakanyanya kuoneka muzviito zvavo uye pasina kuratidzwa kwechiitiko chemishonga kubva kumamiriro ekuona kwevashandi. Nokudaro, iyo firimu ine zvishoma zvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa maererano nekunzwisisa mescaline kushandiswa.
Mescaline Inokuvadza Here?
Chero chinhu chipi nechipi chinokanganisa mafungiro emushandisi wezvokwadi inogona kukuvadza , sezvo vashandisi vanogona nyore nyore kutsanangura chokwadi, kana kuti vane ngozi. Zvisinei, maererano nehutsinye, humwe uchapupu hunogona kureva kuti mescaline inotakura mungozi muduku kudarika mamwe akawanda emishonga yekuvaraidza .
Chidzidzo chegore gumi nemakore cheColombia California Poison Control System yemakore 1997 kusvika muna 2008 chakaratidza kuti munguva iyoyo maingova nematokari makumi maviri nemakumi matatu emascaline kana peyote poisoning. Zvisinei, ruzivo urwu runofanirwa kududzirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu emu mescaline kuva chinhu chinowanzoshandiswa kakawanda kudarika zvinodhaka zvimwe zvinodhaka zvekuvaraidza, saka muyero chaiyo wehupfu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevashandisi hahuzivikanwe. Kutaura zvazviri, vatsvakurudzi havana kubatanidza chero munhu mubvunzo uyo akanga atora zvimwe zvinhu panguva imwechete ivo vakatora mescaline kana peyote, saka vaongorori vakanga vasingakwanisi kutevera maererano nezvakazoitika kune avo vakashandisa mescaline pamwe chete zvimwe zvinhu.
Uyezve, sezvo mescaline inowanzofungidzirwa se "zvinhu zvakasikwa" kana "zvakachengeteka" zvinhu, vashandisi vangave vashoma kutaurira migumisiro pane "makemikari" zvinhu, panzvimbo pekuda kusarudza kugadzirisa migumisiro yemishonga pasina kubatsirika kwehutano .
Vanhu makumi matatu nemakumi matatu avo vakadana nezvehupfu hunokonzerwa ne peyote uye mescaline vanoshandisa zviratidzo zvisingafadzi zvikuru. Kazhinji zvinorondedzerwa zviitiko zvekutora mescaline zvinosanganisira:
- Hluccinations, kana kuona kana kunzwa zvinhu zvisipo kana kuti hazvina zvikonzero zvechokwadi. Kunyangwe kufungidzira kunotarisirwa kana kuti kunyange kunoda kugadzirwa kwemishonga inorinogenic, dzimwe nguva vashandisi vanozviona zvichivhiringidza kana zvinotyisa kudarika zvinotarisirwa, uye, kunyange zvazvo vashandi vanoziva kuti kukanganisa kunoitika mumescaline yakavhenganiswa haisi chaiyo, kunogona kukonzera kuwandisa kwakawanda uye kutambudzika.
- Tachycardia, kana kukurumidza kwemwoyo. Izvi zvakarondedzerwa senhare yepamwoyo pamusoro pezviro makumi 100 paminiti (bpm) kana kuvapo kwezwi rokuti "tachycardia" muchikamu chekusununguka chechiitiko chacho. Kunyange apo pangasave nemigumisiro yakakomba yematasycardia yevashandisi vaMescaline, kutengesa kwemoyo kunogona kuita dzimwe nguva kuvhiringidzika kune vashandisi, izvo zvinowedzera kuwedzera mukusimudzira mwoyo wekura. Vashandi vanogona kunzwa panicky, kunyanya kana vari kunetseka kuti kushandisa madhiragi kuri kukonzera matambudziko emwoyo.
- Kushungurudzika, iyo inonzwa manzwiro ekutya kana kufara, zvinogona kuitika pasina kana vanhu vachitora zvinhu zvakadai sa peyote kana mescaline, kana zvinogona kukonzerwa nokunyanya kunetseka pamusoro pezvimwe zviratidzo zvakadai sokuti maitiro echokwadi kana kuti vane mwoyo zvinetso. Kushungurudzika kunogona kukurumidza kutyisidzira vanhu vanodhakwa pamakorokoto, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kuhutano hwakashata hwakadai sekuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kuchengeteka semigwagwa yemuguta nemugwagwa, kana nzvimbo dzekumaruwa dzine njodzi dzenharaunda dzakadai sezvikomo, matope, nezvimwewo.
Zvishoma zvishoma zvinowanzoitika zvinosanganisira kugunun'una, kurasikirwa kwekuziva, uye kurutsa. Mumwe munhu akaudzwa kuti akawana kubatwa pamusha mushure mekupedza peyote; imwe yakawanikwa isina chinhu uye ichidonha mushure mekudya peyote teyi. Kuputika kwaive kunziwo mune imwe nguva. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvakaratidza kuti kurutsa kunonyanya kuitika mushure mekutora peyote, zvichida nekuda kwekunwa kunorwadza.
Kunyange zvazvo zviitiko izvi zvakakomba zvisingaoneke kuti zvinowanzoitika kune vanhu vanoshandisa peyote kana mescaline, zvinokosha kuti vashandisi nevashandisi vanogona kuziva kuti kutora zvinhu izvi zvinotakura zvinetso izvi.
Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vaida kurapwa, havasi vose vakaita. Makumi maviri nematanhatu (84 kubva muzana) yevanhu vakazivisa mescaline kana peyote poisoning vaibatwa mune imwe nzvimbo yehutano, asi vamwe vashanu vakura (16 muzana) vakakwaniswa pamba. Nemafaro, vose ava varwere vakapona uye vazhinji vakarapwa kwemaawa masere, rimwe chete rinoda kurapwa kwemazuva matatu.
Shoko Rinobva
Mukupedzisa, mescaline inonzi substance inoshandiswa mupfungwa ine ruzivo rwenhoroondo yematsika, uye iyo ine chiitiko chinonakidza mumhando yakakurumbira. Zvisinei, haisi kuonekwa seinowanzoshandiswa uye njodzi, kunyange dzinokosha, hadziiti seine dambudziko sezvo iyo inobatana nedzimwe mimwe mishonga yekuvaraidza.
> Sources:
> Brown, AF "Le Peyotl (Echinocactus Williamsii Lem.): The plant fails to catch eyes." Psychological Bulletin, 24 (11), 656-658. 1927.
> Carstairs S, Cantrell F. "Peyote uye mescaline kujekesa: kuongorora kwemakore gumi nemaviri emunzvimbo yepamusoro yenheyo yepasi pose." Clinical Toxicology, 48 (4): 350-353. 2010.
> Fickenscher A, Novins D, Manson S. Ikoko peyote inoshandiswa inoshandiswa pakati pevana vokuAmerica veIndia mukurwisa zvinodhaka: kushandiswa kwekutanga. Shandisa Shandisa & Kusashandisa . 41 (8): 1139-1154. 2006.
> Ladd F. "Kudzokorora kweCherechedzo Phenomena yeMescal Inxication." Psychological Review 4 (5), 541-543. 1897.
> Pardanani JH, McLaughlin JL, Kondrat RW & Cooks RG. "Cactus alkaloids" XXXVI "Mescaline" uye "compounds" kubva kune Trichocereus peruvianus Lloydia 40 (6): 585-590.