A drug addictive drug, methamphetamine inoratidzika semuchena, husorless, crystalline powder. Kunyangwe zvinokonzera zvakafanana nemubereki wayo mishonga amphetamine, meth inowedzera simba rinokurudzira nokuti yakawanda yemethamphetamine inoita kuuropi. Meth inotora nguva yakareba kupfuura amphetamine uye inogona kubereka zvimwe zvinokuvadza.
Chii Chinonzi Kuwanda kweMethamphetamine Kudzvinyirira muUnited States?
Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwemashamphetamine kuri kuwedzera mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kushandiswa kwemaMeth kwave kuri kuderera mumakore gumi apfuura.
Kune huwandu hwehurumende hwakabhadharwa nehurumende yenyika inofungidzira kuti ikozvino uye yekare-kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka muUnited States. Zvose izvi kuongororwa zvakaratidza kuderera kunoramba kuri kushandiswa kwe methamphetamine mumakore gumi apfuura.
Nyaya yeChirungu yeNational 2012 yeDrug Use and Health (NSDUH) inotaridzika mamiriyoni 1.2 emeth user mugore rapfuura uye 440,000 mumwedzi wapfuura. Nokuenzanisa, kuongororwa kwakafanana kunofungidzira vanosvika 731 000 vekare-vashandi vanoshandisa gore muna 2006. NSDUH muna 2012 yakaratidza 133,000 vashandisi ve methamphetamine itsva (yakafanana ne2011) nevhareji yezera remakore 19.7.
Gore ra2012 Kuongorora Ramangwana (MTF) inofungidzirwa kuti methamphetamine inoshandiswa ne 1% chete ye8, 10 uye 12th graders mugore rapfuura. Nhamba iyi yakaderera zvikuru kubva muna 1999 apo meth yakatanga kuwedzerwa kuongororo yevechidiki vechizvarwa.
Dare reDrug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) kuongororwa kwezvinodhaka zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa nemishonga zvinoratidza kuti methamphetamine yakaenzanisa 103 000 ED inoshanyira muna 2011, kubva pasi 132,576 muna 2004. Meth yaiva yechina inodanwa mishonga isina kubvumirwa munguva yekukurumidzira kushanyira cocaine, mbanje, uye heroin.
Inonzi 2011 Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) yakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kwehuwandu munyika yose yekushamiswa kwemashamphetamine kwakadonha kubva pa8% kubva muna 2005 kusvika ku5.6% muna 2011. Chevamwe varwere vanogamuchira mishonga, 53% vaiva varume uye 68% vakanga vasiri veSpain whites.
Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeWest uye Midwest, kushandiswa kwemeth hakurevi. Muhafu yekutanga yegore ra2012, meth yakave yakarongerwa kutanga mune zvinodhaka zvinoshandiswa nemishonga muHawaii neSan Diego, yechipiri muSan Francisco uye yechitatu kuDenver nePoenix, maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse's Community Epidemiology Work Group.
Methamphetamine Inoshandiswa Sei?
Methamphetamine inogona kushandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana nokuti inogadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Mashandiro anoshandiswa anogona kushandiswa pane imwe nzvimbo yenyika yaunowanikwa. Inogona kusvuta, inopinza, injowa kana kumedzwa. Maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse, kusvuta ikozvino ndiyo nzira inowanzoshandisa yekushandisa meth.
Ndeipi Mhedziso Yenguva Pfupi yeMethamphetamine Kudzvinyirira?
Methamphetamine inokurudzira ine simba inogona kukura kuita basa remuviri uye kumuka uye kuderedza kudya, kunyange mudiki. Meth vanoshungurudza vanogonawo kukurumidza kutsamwa kwemoyo, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, uye kuwedzerwa kweropa.
Kana mumwe munhu akawedzeredza pa methamphetamine, vanogona kuwana hutano hwepamusoro hwehutano uye kushungurudzika. Kana isina kusiyiwa, izvi zvinogona kukonzera rufu.
Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti methamphetamine, yakafanana nedzimwe mishonga yokushungurudza , inounza migumisiro yayo nekukonzera zvakakwirira zveeurotransmitter dopamine kuti ibudiswe muuropi. Meth inokonzera dopamine yakawanda kuti isunungurwe masayendisiti anofunga kuti inoita kuti mishonga inokuvadza migumisiro pamagumo emagetsi muuropi.
Maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse, zvinotevera ndezvimwe zvenguva pfupi zvinokonzerwa nevashumiri:
- Kuwedzera kwakanyanya uye kuderedza kuneta
- Basa rinowedzera nekumuka
- Kuderedza kudya mwoyo
- Euphoria uye kukurumidza
- Kuwedzera kupemha
- Kukurumidza / kusagadzikana kwepfungwa
- Hyperthermia
Ndeipi Migumisiro Yenguva refu yeMethamphetamine Kudzvinyirira?
Kuenzaniswa nedzimwe mishonga isingabvumirwi, methamphetamine inogona kubudisa dzimwe nguva dzisina kunaka dzoutano dzisingagoneki. Neimwe mishonga, kusanganisira doro, kana munhu akamira kushandisa chirwere ichi, kukanganisa kushungurudzwa kwakakonzera kunotanga kuzvisarudzira pachayo uye mushandisi anotanga kudzoka. Hazvisizvo nemamwe emigumisiro yekushandiswa kwemashamphetamine.
Iko Methamphetamine Yakasiyana Sei neCocaine?
Methamphetamine uye cocaine vane zvimwe zvakafanana nemafambiro ehupenyu, kune hutano hwakakura mukushanda kwavanoita mumuviri.
Cocaine inenge yakanyatsogadziriswa uye yakabviswa mumuviri. Methamphetamine, kune rumwe rutivi, inoramba iri mumuviri isina kuchinja kwenguva yakareba. Nokudaro, inoramba iri muuropi kwenguva yakareba, ichibudisa nguva yakareba inokurudzira.
Izvo zvose methamphetamine uye cocaine inowedzera dopamine mazinga muuropi, asi zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti kushandisa meth kunotungamirira kumazinga akakwirira akawanda e dopamine kupfuura cocaine nokuti masero emasero anopindura zvakasiyana nemishonga mbiri.
Vose cocaine uye methamphetamine prolong dopamine zviito muuropi kuburikidza nekudzivisa kudzorerwa kwayo nemamwe masero emasero. Asi, meth inongodzivirira reabsorption pamadhora maduku. Inowedzerawo kusunungurwa kwe dopamine, iyo inotungamirira kune zvakanyanya kuwedzera mukati mepakati pakati peeurons. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa zvirwere zvemasero.
Mune Methamphetamine Vanopandukira Mungozi Yekutengesa HIV / AIDS?
Hungu, vashandisi ve methamphetamine vari pangozi yakakura yekugadzira zvirwere uye kuparadzira zvirwere zvinotapukira uye iyo ngozi haina kungogumira kune vashandisi vashandisi.
Zvechokwadi, vashandisi vezvinodhaka zvinokonzerwa neHIV uye hepatitis B neC kunyanya nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo zvakare nekugoverana nesero dzakasvibiswa nezvimwe zvinhu. Asi, kunyange vashandisi vanoputa kana kunyorera meth vanogona kuita zvinhu zvisina ngozi, sekuita zvepabonde zvisina kudzivirirwa, nokuti kutongwa kwavo uye kuvharwa kunovhiringidzwa.
Zvinotyisa Zvokuita Zvepabonde
Maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse research, methamphetamine inowedzera libido kune vose vanoita zvepabonde uye vanoita zvepabonde vanoita zvepabonde. Nokudaro, meth inobatanidzwa nemitambudziko yepabonde yakaipisisa zvikuru kupfuura zvimwe zvinodhaka zvinodhaka.
Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti njodzi huru yekutengesa utachiwana hwehutachiwana hweHIV ndiyo yakakura kune vese meth vashandi vanoita zvepabonde nevamwe varume.
Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwemamiti ekutanga kunowedzera libido yevarume, kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemashamphetamine kushandiswa kunogona kushatisa basa rehutano hwevarume, kutsvakurudza kunoratidza.
Worudzi rweHIV Runowedzera
Pane kumwe kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwemashamphetamine kunowedzera kudzokorora kwehutachiona hweHIV, kukurumidzira kufambira mberi kwayo nemigumisiro. Nemhaka yokuti meth vashandi vashoma kubatana nemishonga yavo yemishonga, varwere veHIV avo vanoshandisa methamphetamine uye vari kutora zvakanyanya kushandura antiretroviral therapy (HAART) vanowanzoita kuti vave neAIDS kupfuura vasiri-meth.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti meth vanopikisa neHIV vane mikana yekuwana kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya neuronal nekushaya njere, nekuenzaniswa nevarwere vasingashandisi meth.
Nenzira yakanaka, kuongorora kweNIDA kunoratidza zvakare kuti kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kushandiswa kwemishonga, kudzivirira, uye mapurogiramu ekuparidzira munharaunda inogona kuderedza hutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwemeth abusers.
Ndeapi Mishonga Inobatsira kuMethamphetamine Kuparadza?
Maitiro ekurapa maitiro, akadai sekuziva-kugadzirisa-maitiro uye kukwikwidza kwezvakaitwa nehutano, ikozvino ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekurapa methamphetamine muropa.
Maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse, maawa gumi nemaviri ane maitiro ekurapa maitiro anozivikanwa seMatrix Model ave akabudirira mukuderedza kushandiswa kwemashamphetamine. Inobatanidza maitiro ehutachiona, dzidzo yemhuri, kupihwa mazano, kubatsirana kwechipiri-12, kuongororwa kwezvinodhaka nekukurudzira kwezvinhu zvisingaiti zvinodhaka.
Zvinokurudzira-based based therapa zvirongwa zvakare zvakawanikwa zvakakosha pakurapa kwemashamphetamine kushandiswa. Kuenderera mberi kwehutungamiri hwekugadzirisa maitiro , somuenzaniso, inopa zvikonzero zvinooneka zvekuchengetedza kuzviramba uye kuramba uchirapwa.
Zvinokurudzirwa Kukurudzira Kuwedzera Zvinodhaka Zvinoshandiswa Kudzorera (MIEDAR), imwe nzira inokurudzirwa-yakaratidza kubudirira kuburikidza neNational Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network.
Pharmaceutical Treatment
Kune mishonga inobvumirwa inogona kubatsira vanhu kurega kushandisa doro , cocaine , uye heroin , asi iye zvino, hapana marapirwo emishonga anobvumidzwa kushandiswa kwemashamphetamine. Kutsvakurudza kuri kuitika pane dzimwe kurapa kuvarapi kuvimbiswa kuderedza kushandiswa kwemeth nekuwedzera kurega, asi kusvika ikozvino hakuna kubvumidzwa.
Sources:
National Institute on Drug Abuse. "Methamphetamine." Research Report Series Nyaya yaSeptember 2013
Kubatana paDrugFree.org. "Methamphetamine." Zvinodhaka Zvinodhaka .
Ndingawana Here Kana Iti Lab Yebhati Yakambove Iri Mumba Imandiri Kutenga?
IU.Drug Drug Enforcement Agency yakanyora urongwa nehurumende yematero apo kushandiswa kwemutemo kwakawanikwa uchapupu hwemethamphetamine yekugadzira kana kurasa. Nyaya yacho haina kupa ruzivo pamusoro pekuti nzvimbo yacho yakacheneswa. Vadzidzisi vanofanira kutaurirana nemapurisa emunharaunda kana vehutano vakuru kuti vaone kana chivako chakanga chacheneswa. A
Ndiani Anofanirwa Kuyaruka Meth User?
Iyo "inowanzo" mudzidzi wevashandi we methamphetamine zvichida haina kukwanisa kufanirwa nehuwandu hwaunogona kutarisira. Maererano neChede Surveys, munhu anowanzoyaruka anoshandisa meth ane makore gumi nemakore ari nemurume ari mutsvuku anogara nevabereki vose, avo vakatanga kuedza meth pazera remakore 12.6, ndiye ari pasi pekuchikoro uye haafungi kuti mishonga inokuvadza hutano hwake .
Vose vabereki nevanoita meth user vanoshandiswa zvizere uye vakawanda vakapedza chikoro chesekondari ndokuenda kuchikoro. Maererano nevarume vanosvika zviuru zvitatu zvemamiriyoni vakaongororwa, 33.4 muzana vakati vabereki ivavo vangave vasingawani zvakashata nokuti vakashandisa mbanje uye 30.4 muzana vakati vabereki vavo havangarambi kana vakashandisa mamwe mishonga.
Gore risati rasvika gore ra2005-2006, Pride Surveys yakagamuchira mhinduro 101 141 kumubvunzo wavo wevasinganzwisisi vevadzidzi pamakadhi 6-12. Pakati peavo vanopindura, 3.1 kubva muzana vakataura vachishandisa meth kamwechete kamwe mugore rapfuura uye 2 muzana vakataura vachishandisa mwedzi mumwe nomumwe.
Dambudziko Rekushandisa Zvinodhaka
Maererano neChristian Surveys report, zvimwe zvakakosha kubva muongororo ye2006 zvinosanganisira:
- Vanopfuura hafu (51.1 muzana) vanowana meth kuti "iri nyore kwazvo" kuwana. Imwe 12,5 muzana yakati "zviri nyore nyore."
- Vashandi veMeth yeboka revadzidzi vanoumba boka rakaoma-reboka revashandi vezvinodhaka vane 74.7 muzana vanotaura kushandiswa kwemwedzi kwemwedzi, uye vachienzanisa ne8.2 muzana pakati pevamwe vadzidzi.
- Zvitatu zvechina zvevadzidzi vanoshandisa meth (77,3 muzana) vanoti shamwari dzavo dzinoshandisa mbanje dzimwe nguva, kana kakawanda, dzinopfuura hafu (51,9 muzana) inodya pfu "yakawanda."
- Kushandisa fodya kwezuva nezuva kwakaburitswa ne 52.9 muzana yevashandi veMeth, vachienzaniswa ne6 muzana mune vamwe vose vadzidzi.
- Zuva rega rega kushandiswa kwedoro rakabvunzwa ne39.5 muzana, zvichienzaniswa ne1 1.1 muzana kune vasiri vashandisi.
Kuparara kwezera kwevashandi veMeth kwaive: 19+ makore (6.4 muzana); 18 makore (9 muzana); Makore 17 (18.1 muzana); Makore 16 (16 muzana); Makore 15 (15.9 muzana); 14 makore (13 muzana); 13 makore (10 muzana); Makore gumi nemaviri (6.1 muzana); Makore gumi nemana (2.8 muzana); 10 uye pasi pemakore (2.6 muzana).