Kushungurudzwa kweKocaine uye kusvuta zvinodhaka zvinoramba zvichiva dambudziko rinotambudza United States. Cocaine inodhaka yakawandisa, ikozvino Purogiramu II. Cocaine inoratidzirwa seinosimudzira.
Kungofanana nevakawanda vanokurudzira, cocaine inogona kukurisa basa mumutumbi, kusanganisira kutengesa mwoyo, kurwisa kweropa, kusvinura, uye simba. Nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yemishonga iyi ipoda yakachena inowanikwa mumashizha eErythroxylon Coca plant, iyo yakashandiswa kuSouth America kwemakore emakore.
Kutanga kubudiswa muUnited States muma1880s sekuvhiya kwekuvhiya, cocaine munguva pfupi yakatanga kushandiswa sechinhu chinowanzogadzirwa nemishonga yemhuri, pamwe chete nemugove weK Coca-Cola nezvimwe zvinwiwa. Yakarongerwa seParamende II mishonga muna 1970.
1 - Ko Cocaine Chii?
Cocaine ndeimwe yekare kare inozivikanwa yezvinhu zvinokanganisa. Mashizha eErythroxylon coca bush ave achichekwa uye akaiswa muzviuru zvemakore. Cocaine hydrochloride, yakacheneswa makemikari yakabviswa kubva mumiti yakashandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemakore anopfuura zana.
Mukutanga kwema1900, cocaine yaiva iyo inoshandiswa inoshandiswa mune dzakawanda zvemasikisi uye zvisikwa zvinotengeswa nenguva iyo kubata zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvirwere. Icho chaiva chigadziro muyamu yepakutanga yezvinwiwa zvinodhaka Coca-Cola.
Nhamba yepamusoro yekurumbira kwemishonga yakauya muma1980 ne1991 apo yaizivikanwa nemazita akadai seThe Movie Star Drug neCalifornia Cornflakes.
Cocaine inokurudzira zvikuru iyo inokanganisa zvakananga uropi. Icho chirongwa cheChechi II chinenge chakakosha chekushandisa zvisina kunaka, asi chinogonawo kugadziriswa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekurapa zvinokodzera, zvakadai sehutano hwemunharaunda.
Zvisinei, cocaine inotengeswa mumugwagwa zvisina kutenderwa semafuta akanaka akanaka . Kazhinji yakavhenganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakadai sekorstarch, pfuti yaTalcum kana shuga kuzoderedza kuchena kwayo. Dzimwe nguva zvinosanganiswa na amphetamine kana heroin mune izvo zvinozivikanwa se "speedball."
Cocaine inotengeswa mumugwagwa mufomu rehurukuro inonzi "crack cocaine". Chimiro chekutanga che cocaine chinoshandiswa neammonia kana kubika soda nemvura zvino inopisa kuti ibvise hydrochloride kuti ibudise shanduro inoshandiswa yemishonga.
Izwi rokuti "kukanganisa" rinoreva kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nemhepo iyo inoshandiswa iyo inopfungaira.
2 - Chii Chinokonzera Cocaine?
Apo powdered cocaine hydrochloride inoshandiswa kuva chinhu chinogadzirika inonzi yakasununguka, kana mumugwagwa, crack cocaine. Izwi rokuti "kukanganisa" rinoreva kureva kuputika kwomuitiro wekusununguka wemishonga unoita kana uchipisa.
Kushandisa ammonia kana sodium bicarbonate (kubika soda) uye mvura, poddered cocaine inopisa kuti ibvise hydrochloride. Izvi zvinokonzera kusununguka, kana chimiro chinoshandiswa chemishonga.
Apo vashandi vanopisa crack cocaine ruzivo rwakawanda zvakanyanya pakarepo (kazhinji kazhinji pasi pemaminitsi gumi). Nemhaka yekuti yakakwirira iri pfupi uye yakasununguka uye nokuti kuputika zvisingabatsiri kutengesa nekutenga mumugwagwa, mishonga iyi yakave yakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pe1980.
Iyo iyo yakakurumidza uye yakakurumidza "kuparara" mushure mokunge inokurumidza kukurumidza, ndiyowo chikonzero chokuti crack cocaine inodhaka zvikuru.
3 - Chii Chinonzi Kuwanda kweCocaine Kushandiswa muUnited States?
Nhamba yevashandisi vekocaine ikozvino iri kuramba ichiderera kubva kuma1980 uye kuderera kwacho kwakapfuurira muzana remakore rechi21. Maererano neNational Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), mugore ra2012 kwaiva nevamiriyoni 1,6 vanoshandisa cocaine vane makore 12 kana kupfuura, kana anenge 0.6% yevanhu.
Nhamba iyoyo yakafanana nehuwandu hwe 2011 (1.4 mamiriyoni uye 0.5%) asi zvakanyanya kuderera kupfuura vashandisi vemu cocaine vari pakati pe2003 ne2007 (vanoshandisa mamiriyoni 2,4 kana 1.0%).
Kunyange zvazvo nhamba yakakura yevashandi vekhocaine vari vaduku vakuru pakati pezera remakore 18 ne25, kubva muna 2005 kusvika muna 2012 nhamba yevashandisi vemazuva ano munguva iyoyo yakabatana yakaderera kubva pa2.6 kusvika kune 1.1% chete.
Uyezve, nhamba yevashandisi vemu cocaine iri kuwedzerawo. Nhamba yevanhu vakatanga kushandisa cocaine panguva yekutanga mugore rapfuura yakadonha kubva pa1 million mamiriyoni muna 2002 kusvika kune 639 000 muna 2012.
Saizvozvowo, kuongororwa kweEventing the Future, iyo inotsvakurudza vadzidzi ve8th,, 10 uye-12 yegore gore negore, yakaratidza kuderera kwakasimba mumwedzi yapfuura-mwedzi wekhocaine kushandiswa nevadzidzi kubva kumusoro kwema 1990 kusvika muna 2013.
4 - Ko Cocaine Inoshandiswa Sei?
Cocaine inogona kutorwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: muromo, intranasal, intravenous, uye inhalation. Kana, sezvo nzira idzi dzinozivikanwa mumugwagwa, "kutsva," "kunyorera," "kuisa," "kupinza," uye "kusvuta."
Kunze kwekushandiswa kwemishonga inogamuchirwa, hapana nzira yakachengeteka yekushandisa cocaine chero ipi zvayo. Zvose izvi zvinotevera zvekushandisa zvinodhaka zvinogona kutungamirira kuhuwandu hwehutachiona hwecocaine, inogona kunge yakagadzikana nemwoyo kana masimba ekukurumidza, uye kugumburwa, maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse. Zvose izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kukufa kamwe kamwe.
Kuramba
Intranasal administration inodonha, iyo inopinza inhaling poda cocaine mumhino. Inogonawo kubviswa pamusoro pezvinyuchi zvemukati uye inopinda muropa.
Kazhinji, kana munhu anoshandisa cocaine, mushonga unoiswa panzvimbo yakadzika segirazi uye akaparadzaniswa "mumiganhu" nejasi kana kadhi rechikwereti, ipapo mitsara inodonhedzwa kuburikidza nemashanga kana kubhadhara mari yebhadharo. Muma1980 yaifungidzirwa secheche mune dzimwe nzvimbo kuti iite cocaine nechinhu chero chipi kunze kwe $ 100 bill.
Injecting
Kushandisa zvisina kukodzera kana kujowa iyo apo hypodermic sindano inoshandiswa kupinza cocaine zvakananga muropa, iyo inowedzera kuwedzera kwemigumisiro yayo.
Nokuti poda cocaine ndiyo chaiyo cocaine hydrochloride, munyu (HCL) inoita kuti ichinyike mumvura kuitira kuti inogona kuiswa. Zvinetso zvinogona kuitika kana cocaine inotengeswa mumugwagwa yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisingazivikanwi zvisinganyatsogadziriswi nyore nyore.
Kusvuta
Kusvuta kocaine kunosanganisira kupinza utsi kana kuti cocaine mumapapu umo kunyorera kwaro muropa kunogona kunge kwakakurumidza sekujoka. Izvi zvinogadzira chinenge chichibva pakarepo uye chiyeuchidzo icho chiri chimwe chechikonzero chekuputa crack cocaine chakapararira zvikuru muma1980.
Iyo Method yeKushandisa inobata Migumisiro
Apo cocaine inobviswa, zvinoguma zvatanga mushure memaminitsi mashomanana uye ekupedzisira pakati pemaminitsi gumi nemaminitsi makumi matatu nemakumi matatu zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekuyera uye kushivirira kwemushandisi. Chirwere chikuru chichagara zvishoma kwenguva yakareba, asi sezvo muvaki achivaka kuvhiringidza kune mishonga, inotora dhiii uye yakakura kuderedza kuti iite zvakafanana.
Apo cocaine inopfungidzirwa, migumisiro yemishonga inotanga kusvika pakarepo uye zvakasimba, asi mhinduro "inopera" nokukurumidza - pamwe pamwe nemaminitsi mashanu kana gumi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikonzero chekuti cocaine inodhakwa, vashandisi vanowanzopfungaira zvakanyanya kuti vaedze kugadzirisa manzwiro ekutanga, akakwirira zvikuru.
Apo cocaine inorohwa mhizha inokurumidza uye kunyange yakanyanya. Nemhaka yekukurumidza uye kushingaira kwekusvuta uye injected cocaine, nzira idzi dzekushandisa dzinofungidzirwa kuva nengozi nekuda kwekugona kukanganisa uye kukwanisa kudarika.
5 - Kokaini Inobereka Sei Migumisiro Yayo?
Makore akawanda ekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi kwakave nekudikanwa kuti awane kunzwisisa zvakajeka kuti cocaine inobata sei huropi kuti ibudise migumisiro inofadza uye chikonzero icho chinodhaka.
Masayendisiti akawana nzvimbo dzouropi dzinoita sedzinokurudzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana - zvokudya, zvepabonde, uye zvinodhaka zvekushungurudzwa. Imwe yenzvimbo idzi dzakawanda dzakakonzerwa neCocaine ndiyo ventral tegmental area (VTA) mukatikati memvura.
Nzira iyo uropi inowanzoshanda nayo, tsvakurudzo yakawana, ndeyemagetsi emagetsi muVTA inowedzera kune imwe nzvimbo yeuropi inonzi nucleus accumbens, nzvimbo inokosha yeuropi inobatanidzwa muhomwe.
Kazhinji Brain uye Dopamine Basa
Makomborero anowedzera mazinga eDopamine , kemikemikari yemakemikari kana neurotransmitter, iyo inowedzera kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa neuralus accumbens. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai, dopamine inosunungurwa neuron muchepakati muduku pakati pe-neurons (synapse) iyo inosungira kune mapuroteni chaiwo, anozivikanwa seve dopamine receptors, pane imwe yeuron, kutumira chiratidzo kune neuron iyoyo.
Mushure mokunge chiratidzo chacho chitumirwa, dopamine inobviswa kubva pakapakati pakati peeurons uye inoshandiswa zvakare kuti ishandiswe munguva yemberi.
Makomborero System Amplified
Sayenzi yakawana kuti cocaine nemamwe madhiragi ekutsvaga zvinogona kukanganisa izvi zvinowanzogadziriswa muuropi. Kushandiswa kweCocaine kunodzivisa kubviswa kwe dopamine kubva pamusana unokonzera "chiratidzo" chinotumirwa kumakiti ekugamuchira.
Ichi chiratidzo chinosimudzirwa ndechekuti vashandisi veCocaine vanoona sei sepakutanga kuve euphoria kana kumusoro.
Asi mushure mekutanga kwepamusoro, hutachiona hwehutano hunoitika muuropi hunoita kuti mubairo wekubatsira udzike pasi pepakutanga kwemazuva ose akaenzana. Apo cocaine inoshandiswazve zvakare, iyo imwe yezinga ye euphoria haina kuwanikwa.
Izvi zvinokonzera kushivirira kwezvinodhaka mumushandisi, zvinoreva kuti vanoda madhigiri akakwirira kana kuwedzerwa kakawanda kweuropi uropi kuedza kuzadzisa imwechete yezviitiko zvinowanikwa panguva yekushandiswa kwavo kwokutanga. Izvi zvinowedzera kukwikwidza kwecacaine doses kuti uwane yakakwirira yakadaro inogona kubereka kukanganisa .
Kuratidzira Porovheni Yezvipo
Vashandi veKocaine vanokurira kushivirira kune "yakakwirira" yavanowana kuburikidza nekushandisa mushonga, asi havatauri kushivirira kumanzwiro ekurwadziwa vanonzwa mushure mekukwirira kwepamusoro. Somugumisiro, pane kudzokera kune imwe nzvimbo ye "yekare," vanodzokera kune imwe nzvimbo yakadzika ye dysphoria.
Nokudaro, vanowedzera huwandu hwecocaine iyo inoshandisa kuedza kudzikinura manzwiro iwayo echirwere uye kuedza kudzokera kune manzwiro ekutanga euphoria. Zvisinei, vanopedzisa ruzivo kunyange zvakaderera sezvinongoita huropi kumhepo yekudhakwa uye kubvisa.
Ndicho chikonzero apo America Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) inotaura kuti kutsvaga mibairo kunowedzera kushanda uye kutsvaga mubairo kunomanikidzwa zvisinei nekuti "kumusoro" haisati inonakidza uye mushonga hauna kupa chero kununurwa kubva kune dysphoria.
Kushandiswa kwenguva refu kana kusingaperi kwekodhaine kunotambudza zvakadaro neuropi yemararamiro emararamiro ehurumende kusvikira kushandiswa kwecocaine kusingachagadziri zvibereko zvaro zvekutanga zvinofadza.
6 - Ndeipi Mhedziso Yenguva Pfupi yeKushandisa Kushandiswa?
Anenge achangotora cocaine, munhu anotanga kunzwa manzwiro ayo, angave akajeka, injowa kana kusvuta. Kunyange zviduku zviduku zvechirwere zvinogona kuita kuti munhu anzwe achinetseka, ane simba, kutaura, uye mupfungwa.
Vashandi vanorondedzera kuwedzerwa kunzwisisika kuona, inzwi, uye kubata. Vanogonawo kuve nekuderera kwechido chekudya kana kurara, kwechinguva.
Kunyangwe vamwe vashandisi vekocaine vanoona kuti kushandiswa kwechirwere kunobatsira kuti vaite mabasa akajeka ekunyora uye mumuviri nokukurumidza, vamwe vashandisi vanotaura kuti cocaine ine zvakasiyana.
Nzira iyo cocaine inoshandiswa inogona kuchinja kukwirira kwomunhu anonzwa uye kuti yakareba yakareba sei. Semuenzaniso, kupisa cocaine hakuiti zvakanyanya zvakanyanya sokusvuta, asi yakakwirira inogara kwenguva refu. Ipamusoro kubva kunononoka kunogona kupedza maminetsi gumi nemaminetsi makumi maviri nemakumi matatu, nepamusoro pakusvuta fodya cocaine kunogona kupedza maminetsi mashanu kusvika ku10 chete.
Inokurumidza mushonga wacho unopinda muropa, iyo inowedzera yakakwirira, asi inopfupika nguva.
Nenguva pfupi yehutano yemigumisiro ye cocaine inogona kusanganisira:
- Mhedziso yeropa
- Dilated vadzidzi
- Kuwedzera kwekushisa mumuviri
- Kuwedzera kwenhamba yemwoyo
- Kuwedzerwa kweropa
Vashandi vanotora cocaine yakawanda vanogona kuwedzera kukwirira kwavo asi vanogona kuve netsika dzinoshamisa, dzisina kukodzera, uye dzine chisimba. Vanogonawo kuwana:
- Kutuka
- Vertigo
- Tsvina tsvina
- Paranoia
- Kusagadzikana
- Kusvibiswa
- Kufunganya
Maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse, kudzokorora kwecocaine kunogona kuita kuti zvinopisa zvinenge zvakafanana neamphetamine chepfu.
Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzoitiki, kufa kamwe kamwe kunogona kuitika pakushandiswa kwekutanga kwecocaine kana zvisingafungidziriki nekuzorora kwechirwere. Kufa kwek Cocaine kunowanzokonzera kusungwa kwemwoyo kana kukanganisa kunoteverwa nekudzivirira kuporesa.
Doro Inowedzera Ngozi yeCocaine
Vamwe vashandisi vekocaine vanotaura kuti mishonga inovapa kunzwa kwe simba uye kuvimba. Nguva dzakawanda vanofunga kuti vari kushanda panzvimbo yakakwirira kudarika zvavari chaizvo. Saka, kutyaira paunenge uchiita cocaine kunogona kuva nengozi - kunyanya kana uri kunwa zvakare.
Apo vanonwa vari kuita cocaine vane chido chekunwa kudarika zvinowanzoitika nokuti havaoni zvinokonzera zvinokonzera doro nekuda kwekodhaine inokurudzira zvinhu. Zvisinei, apo mhinduro ye cocaine inotanga kupera, munhu anonwa zvinosara anodhakwa kupfuura zvaaiziva, achiwedzera dambudziko kwete kwete chete kwezviitiko asi kurutsira, kunonoka kupfugama nekugona kurasikirwa kwekuziva.
Apo cocaine uye doro zvinoshandiswa pamwe chete, zvinosanganiswa muchiropa kuti zvive necocaethylene, iyo inowedzera kuwedzera kwemigumisiro ye cocaine. Asi, inowedzerawo kuoma pamwoyo uye pangozi yekufa kamwe kamwe.
Kubvisa zviratidzo kubva kuCocaine
Sezvo zvinokonzera cocaine inotanga kupera, unogona kuona zviratidzo zvakawanda zvekusiya, kusanganisira kusagadzikana, utsinye, kusazvidzora, kuzvidya mwoyo, kusuruvara, kuora mwoyo kana kuparara.
Nokuda kwezviratidzo izvi zvisingafadzi zvekudzoka, vashandisi vakawanda vekocaine vanotaura kuoma muku "kuburuka" kubva pamishonga. Vazhinji vashandisi vanorondedzera kuora mwoyo pakarepo mushure mokunge mishonga yemagumisiro yapera, izvo kune vamwe zvinogona kupedza kwemazuva.
Nekudaro, vamwe vashandi vanozotora mamwe cocaine kuti vadzivise kusagadzikana kusingabatsiri - chimwe chikonzero cocaine inofungidzirwa zvikuru.
Iwe unofunga iwe ungada chirwere chekushandisa zvinodhaka? Tora Drug Abuse Treatment Screening Quiz kuti uwane.
Ona mamwe maitiro ehutano hwekushandisa kwecocaine.
7 - Ndeipi Migumisiro Yenguva Yakareba yeKushandiswa?
Imwe yemigumisiro yakaipisisa yekushandisa cocaine ndiyo inokonzera kukanganisa maitiro. Kunyangwe mushure mekushandiswa kwechirwere ichi, vashandisi havagoni kunyatsogona kufanotaura kana kutarisira kuti acharamba achishandisa cocaine kana kuti anoda kuishandisa.
Kana mumwe munhu achiita chidhakwa nekodineine, kurega pasina kudzoka zvakare kunowedzera kuoma, kunyange mushure mekunge kwenguva yakareba yokurega. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research yakaratidza kuti kunyange mushure mekusashandisa cocaine kwenguva yakareba, kusvibiswa kune zvinokonzerwa nekodhaine - kana kuti kunyange zviyeuchidzo zvekare zvinokonzera cocaine - zvinogona kubvisa zvishuvo zvakakura nekudzoka zvakare.
Apo vashandisi veCocaine vachiri kushandisa kushandisa chirwere ichi, uropi hunotanga kuchinja mubairo wayo. Kushivirira kumushonga kunogona kukura, zvinoreva kuti kukwirira kana kuti kuwedzerwa nguva yakawanda ye cocaine kunodiwa kuti ibudise vane ruzivo rwakanyanya pakushandiswa kwekutanga.
Panguva imwecheteyo, vashandi vanogona kuwedzera kunyanya kukanganisika kwekodhaine-kubudisa, kunetseka uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa.
Mafungiro ePfungwa uye Maitiro echiKukineine
Nekudzokororwa kweka cocaine binges, kana chirwere ichi chinoshandiswa kakawanda pakuwedzerwa kwepamusoro-soro, mutengi anogona kuisa pangozi yepfungwa dzepfungwa uye yehupenyu zvinokonzera, kusanganisira:
- Kuwedzera kusagadzikana
- Kusagadzikana
- Kutyisa kunorwisa
- Yakazara nehupfungwa yepfungwa inobatanidza kupesana kwepanoidhi uye mazano
Nzira iyo cocaine inoshandiswa nayo inogona kuunza zvakashata zvinokuvadza. Kunyunyisa cocaine kunogona kutungamirira kune:
- Kurasikirwa kwekunzwa kunhuwa
- Nosebleeds
- Zvinetso zvinomedza
- Hoarseness
- Kutsamwiswa kwepasuru yeumasum
- Nguva isingagumi yakazara, mhepo inopisa
Kunyora uye Injecting Cocaine
Vashandi vanochera (chew) cocaine vanogona kutarisana nechirwere chechirwere chinokonzerwa nekuderedza ropa.
Vaya vanokonzera cocaine vane nheyo vanogona ku "tamba" pamasana avo nemamwe majekiseni. Vanogonawo kukura maitiro egeergic, zvose kune cocaine pachayo kana kuti kuwedzera kune zvinoshandiswa kuderedza mishonga nevatengesi vemugwagwa.
Maererano neNIDA, vashandisi venguva refu vanokanganisa kudya kwavo uye vanonzwa kurasikirwa kukuru uye kuratidza zviratidzo zvekushaya zvokudya.
Zvimwe Zvakawedzerwa Kwenguva refu yeCocaine
Kune dzimwe nguva kwenguva refu zvinoshandiswa pakushandisa cocaine pane imwe nguva. Vamwe vavo vanosanganisira:
- Kushaya mwoyo kwepfungwa, kurwisa mwoyo, uye kushaya mwoyo
- Neurological zviitiko, kusanganisira kurohwa, kugumburwa, uye kuputika mune zvisikwa zvakakomberedza uropi
- Kurara
- Kuita zvepabonde kusagadzikana
- Perforated nasal septum
- Yakasvibiswa mumapapu, kuwedzera kwemafupa nemamwe mapapu emapapu, uye kushaya kuputika
- Kuwedzera kwengozi yekukuvadzwa kunorwadza
- Ane utsinye, ane chisimba, kana unhu hwemhosva
- Kuwedzera kwengozi yehupatitis, utachiona hweHIV, endocarditis, uye utachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona (hwevashandi veV IV)
8 - Chii Chinonzi Matambudziko Okurapa Okushungurudzika kweCocaine?
Kushandiswa kwekodineine kunogona kubereka zvakanyanya uye zvinetso zvekurapa zvakanyanya, izvo zvinowanzoitika ndezvemigumisiro yemwoyo, kusanganisira kushungurudzika mumwoyo rhythm uye kushaya mwoyo.
Kushinini inoshandiswa inogona kukonzera zvakadai sekuputika sekurwadziwa kwepfupa nekushaya kuputika; neurological effects, kusanganisira strokes, seizure, uye musoro; uye matambudziko emimba, kusanganisira kurwadziwa kwepamuviri uye kushungurudzika.
Kushandiswa kwekodhaine kakawanda kwakabatanidzwa kune marudzi mazhinji ehutano hwemoyo. Cocaine yakawanikwa ichikonzera chaotic heart rhythms, inonzi ventricular fibrillation; kukurumidza kupisa mwoyo nekufema; uye kuwedzera kuwedzera kweropa uye kutonhora kwemuviri. Zviratidzo zvepanyama zvinogona kusanganisira kurwadziwa kwepfupa, kusuruvara, kusvibiswa kwemafiro, fever, masimba emasumbu, kuputika, uye coma.
Zvakaipa Migumisiro yekudhonza Cocaine
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana iyo cocaine inoshandiswa inogona kuunza maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Nguva dzose kunyorera cocaine, somuenzaniso, kunogona kutungamirira mukurasikirwa kwekunzwa kunhuhwirira, nosebleeds, zvinetso nekumedza, kutyisa, uye kushungurudzika kwepasi rose kwemazamu, iyo inogona kutungamirira kumhepo isingaperi inoputika, ine mhuno.
Kocaine inoshandiswa inogona kukonzera chirwere chakaipa, nemhaka yekuderedza ropa. Uye, vanhu vanokonzera cocaine vanovhara zviratidzo uye "kufamba," kakawanda mumashure avo.
Injection Dambudziko reCocaine
Vashandi vanopinza cocaine vanogonawo kugadziriswa, zvichienderana nemishonga kana zvimwe zvinowedzera mumugwagwa cocaine, izvo zvingaguma, mumatambudziko akaoma, murufu. Nemhaka yekuti cocaine ine tsika yekuderedza kudya kwekudya, vazhinji vanogara vasina kukwanisa kushandisa cocaine vanorasikirwa nechido chavo uye vanogona kuve nekureruka kwekurema uye kushaya zvokudya.
Nokuda kwevashandisi (IV) cocaine, pane, hongu, kuwedzera kwehutachiwana hwehupatachi, hutachiona hweHIV, uye endocarditis.
Njodzi dzeCocaine nedoro
Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kubatana kunogona kutyisa pakati pecocaine nedoro. Zvakatorwa pamwe chete, madzimai aya anoshandurwa nemuviri kuenda kune cocaethylene. Cocaethylene ine nguva yakareba yekuita muuropi uye inonyanyisa kudarika chinodhaka chete.
Kunyange zvazvo tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzichifanira kuitika, zvinoshamisa kuti musanganiswa wekodhaine uye doro ndiyo inowanzobatana-miviri inosanganiswa inokonzerwa nekufa kwechirwere.
9 - Ko Cocaine Inokuvadza Panjodzi yeHIV / AIDS uye Hepatitis?
Vashandi veKocaine vari pangozi yakawanda yekugadzirisa zvirwere zvinotapukira, kusanganisira vanhu vane immunodeficiency virus / vakawana maune immune deficiency syndrome (HIV / AIDS) uye viral hepatitis.
Kugovana tsvina dzakasvibiswa uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvezvinodhaka ndeimwe chikonzero chekuwedzera kungozi, asi zvakare nekuti vanoshandisa zvinodhaka zvinodhaka vane mikana yekuita mungozi ine ngozi.
National Institute on Drug Abuse Research inoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka nekudhakwa kunokanganisa kutonga uye kukwanisa kuita zvisarudzo, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kugoverana kwetsano, kusangana kwepabonde kune ngozi, uye zvepabonde zvekutengesa zvinodhaka-nevarume nevakadzi.
Cocaine neHIV uye Hepatitis C
Basa rekutapurira zvepabonde reHIV mune vashandisi vezvinodhaka rakave nekujekeswa nedzimwe tsvakurudzo dzakaratidza kuti avo vanoshandisa zvinodhaka vasingashandisi zvinodhaka vanobatana neHIV pamitengo yakaenzana kune avo vanovhiringidza zvinodhaka.
Vashandisi vezvinodhaka vasina kukodzera variwo mungozi yakawanda yekutengesa hepatitis C (HCV). NIDA tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti njodzi yekubatana neHCV inotanga neyokutanga kujowa mishonga. Mukati memakore maviri 40% yevashandi vekushandisa mishonga vanodhaka vanoratidzirwa kuhutachiona uye nemakore mashanu njodzi inokwira kusvika pakati pe50% uye 80%.
INIDA inorayira HCV kuongororwa kune chero murwere uyo akamborayira mishonga.
10 - Chii chinokonzera kushandiswa kweMabernal Cocaine?
Masayendisiti haasati aona kushanda kwakakwana kwekuti cocaine inoshandiswa nemukadzi ane pamuviri kune mwana wake, asi zvidzidzo zvakawana njodzi dzinowanzoitika. Vacheche vaamai vavo vanoshandisa cocaine pavanenge vari nepamuviri kakawanda:
- Yakasunungurwa kare
- Ivai nematombo mashoma ekuberekwa
- Iva nechepfupi musoro circumferences
- Shorter murefu
Chimwe chikonzero chokuti vatsvakurudzi vasati vava kukwanisa kuziva zvakakwana kushandiswa kwechirwere chechirwere chemishonga kana zvimwe zvinetso zvekodhaine pamuviri asina kuberekwa ndechokuti kana amai vari kushandisa zvisina kukodzera cocaine, pane zvimwe zvimwe zvingave zviri kutamba muupenyu hwake inobatawo mwana.
Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvinotamba Basa
Zvimwe zvezvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kukanganisa vanaamai, zvibereko zvekuberekwa uye zvevana zvinosanganisira:
- Nhamba uye nhamba yezvinodhaka zvinoshungurudzwa
- Kushandisa nicotine
- Nhamba yekutarisirwa kusununguka
- Chisimba mumamiriro ezvinhu
- Socioeconomic conditions
- Chikafu chemadzimai
- Kuita zvirwere zvepabonde
- Dzimwe hutano mamiriro
Kuziva Njere Kune Mwana
Zvimwe zvinoguma zvekushungurudzwa kwekodhaine kwepabonde izvo vatsvakurudzi vave vakakwanisa kuziona zvinosanganisira kukanganisa mune zvimwe zvinhu zvekugadziriswa kwemashoko, kucherechedza mabasa, uye kugona kushanda. Zvose izvi zvinokanganisa zvinogona kuita kuti mwana wacho aite zvaanokwanisa kuita, iyo National Institute on Drug Abuse yakati.
11 - Ndeapi Mishonga Inobatsira Vanokonzera Kokaine?
Kokaine inodhaka inogona kuva yakaoma kunzwisisa, zvichiita kuti mishonga isabatanidzi chete nechinodhaka chayo asi nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwemunhu. Kurapa kwekodineine, saka, kunoda kuva nzira yakakwana yokugadzirisa zvinetso zvemagariro evanhu, mhuri uye zvimwe zvepakatikati.
Maererano neNational Institute on Drug Abuse, mazano ekurapa ecocaine anoda kusanganisira kuongorora kweurourobiological, hutano, uye zvehutano hwehutano hwemushonga. Kazhinji izvi zvinosanganisira mishonga yakawanda yekushandiswa zvisina kunaka.
Uyezve, avo vanodhakwa nemishonga yakawandisa vanowanzovawo nevamwe vanobatana nehutano hwehutano hwepfungwa dzinofanirwa kutarisirwa mukurapa.
Pharmacological Approaches
Parizvino hapana mishonga inogamuchirwa neU.S. Food and Drug Administration yekurapa kukanganisa kwekodhaine, kunyange kutsvakurudza kune utsinye kunoitwa kuti uwane uye kuedza mishonga mitsva inogona kubatsira cocaine kuvhiringidzwa.
Mimwe yemishonga iri kuongororwa ndeye iyo iyo FDA inogamuchirwa kune mamwe mamiriro kana zvirwere. Vamwe vari kuratidza chivimbiso chekocaine kurapwa vanosanganisira vigabatrin, modafinil, tiagabine, disulfiram, uye topiramate.
Mishonga mitsva iri kuongororwa inovhara migumisiro yekodineine pane zvakasiyana-siyana zveuropi kubatsira kubvisa kudzokerazve kune varwere vakatosiya kushandisa madhiragi. Izvi zvinosanganisira "vaccineine vaccine" yakaratidza "chivimbiso chikuru," iyo NIDA inoti.
Maitiro ekuzvibata
Kune hutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwekuita huri kushandiswa mukugara uye kunze kwekugadzirisa zvirwere kuti ubate zvinodhaka zvekhocaine. Parizvino, ndivo chete vanobvumirwa uye hutano hunotungamirirwa hunowanika ku cocaine uye kuparadzanisa cocaine vanoshungurudza.
Zvimwe zvezvipatara izvi zvinosanganisira:
- Chikonzero chinokurudzira (kukanganisa kutarisira)
- Kuchenjerera-tsikaal therapy
- Mishonga yekurapa (kugara purogiramu)
- Mapoka ekutsigira (akadai seCocaine Anonymous)
Sources:
Allen, Frederick. Secret Formula . New York: HarperCollins, 1994. ISBN 0-88730-672-1 (pp. 35-36, 41-42, 45, 192).
American Society of Addiction Medicine. "Definition of Addiction (Long Version)." 15 August 2011.
Brown University. "Cocaine." Utano Hwokusimudzira - Doro, Fodya, & Zvimwe Zvinodhaka.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. "Cocaine: Kushungurudzwa uye Kuwedzererwa." Research Report Series.
Yunivhesiti yeMadley Center Centre yekushandisa Dambudziko Rokutsvaga. "Cocaine (Powder)." Drug Information.