Kupayona Madzimai Chiremba wezvepfungwa
"Chido changu chakakomba chave chave chiri kupokana nekutenda kwetsika yemagariro mune imwe rudzi rwekubatana kwechisikigo kana kufambidzana pakati pepabonde yemuviri womunhu uye unhu hwepfungwa yemunhu uye zvepabonde." - Sandra Bem, 1995
Icho Chinhu Chakanaka Chakanakidzwa Kwazvo
Sandra Bem aiva chiremba wepfungwa zvikuru kunyanya kuzivikanwa nekuda kwezviitiko izvi:
- Zvidzidzo zvevakadzi
- Gender schema theory
- Nhengo dzepabonde dzepabonde dzinokosha
- Clinical psychology
Upenyu Hwekutanga uye Dzidzo
Sandra Ruth Lipsitz akaberekerwa muPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, musi waJune 22, 1944. Akakurira nekushanda nevadzidzi muimba inowanzotambudza. Zvisinei, amai vake, vakakurudzira mwanasikana wavo kuti vashandise hupenyu kunze kwemabasa epamba. Muchikoro chegorosi, akasimudzira kupfeka mabheji kwaari chikoro cheOrthodox yechiJudha uye kuramba kwake kupfeka jasi kwakaita kuti atore kudzingwa. Izvi zvakaitika kare zvakaratidza kushandiswa kwaBem nekuzonyorwa pane nyaya dzakadai sebasa rezvemukadzi, zvepabonde, uye uyerogyny.
Sandra akapinda kuCarnegie Institute of Technology uye akakurumbira mune zvepfungwa . Ikoko akasangana naPurofesa wechiduku ainzi Daryl Bem panguva yegore rapera rekudzidza kwake pasi pedduate. Akakumbira Bem kuti atarisire zvidzidzo zvake zvokuzvimirira uye vaviri vacho vakakurumidza kugadzira rudo. Sandra akatya kuti kuroorana kunomudzivisa kubva pabasa rake, saka pakutanga akarega zvaaida.
Pakupedzisira, vaviri vacho vakabvumirana kuzvipira kune zvaiva panguva iyo inofungidzirwa kuti isingabvumirwi, kuroorana kwakabvumira iyo Sandra kutsvaga zvido zvake zvepamusoro uye zvinangwa. Vakabvuma kuti vaizogoverana mabasa emhuri zvakaenzana, pamwe chete nemabasa ose ekurera vana kana vachifanira kusarudza kuva nevana.
Vakaroora musi waJune 6, 1965, apo Sandra aingova nemakore makumi maviri chete uye aiva nevana vaviri. Vakaramba vachizvipira kumhuri yavo yekusarura, kugoverana mabasa epamba, kubatsirana mabasa ehumwe nekuparadzanisa mabasa ekurera vana. Kunyange zvazvo vaviri vacho vakazosarudza kurarama vari voga, vakaramba vachirera vana vavo sevamwe pamwe chete uye vakaramba vari shamwari neshamwari.
Muna 1965, akanyoresa paYunivhesiti yeMichigan uye akawana muF.D. in Developmental Psychology.
Career
Sandra akadzidzisa kuCarnegie-Mellon uye Stanford, asi akazopedzisira atanga kuC Cornell University mushure mokunge Stanford akaramba basa rake rekugara. PaConellell, akashanda semuprofesa wevakadzikadzi Studies uye Mutungamiriri weChirongwa chevakadzi. Tsvakurudzo yake inofadza apo paConell inotarisana nezvepabonde, androgyny uye gender schema theory.
Nzira yeBem yekuroorana yakafuridzirwa Sandra kuti aongorore zvinokanganisa zvinetso zvakasimba uye zvepabonde zvepabonde. Akaita Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), iyo yakagadzirirwa kuenzanisa kuti vanhu vanofunga sei nezvepfungwa dzevarume nevakadzikadzi. Chinangwa chekutsvaga kwaiva kuratidza kuti zvakanga zvakakosha kuva nehuhu hunosanganisira maitiro evanhu nevakadzi.
Akatora pfungwa yake yegender schema kuti atsanangure kuti hutungamiri hwevanhu uye tsika dzinopa sei pfungwa pamusoro pepabonde nevakadzi. Gender schemas, Bem yakarongedzerwa, yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakadai sekuberekera vana, chikoro, mashizha makuru, nezvimwe zvinetso zvetsika.
Contributions to Psychology
Bem yakanga ine simba rinokosha mune zvepfungwa uye pamanzwisisiro edu nezvebasa repabonde, zvepabonde uye zvepabonde. Akarumbidzwa nemitambo yakawanda, kusanganisira iyo Sewinghed Scientific Award, Association for Women in Psychology's Distinguished Publication Award, uye American Association of Women's Young Scholar Award. Muna 1995, kupatsanurwa kweGeneral Psychology uye History of Psychology yeAAP inonzi Bem an " Eminent Woman in Psychology ."
Makore mana mushure mekunge aonekwa kuti ane Alzheimer's, Sandra akasarudza kupedza hupenyu hwake hutano husati hwava huchikuvhiringidza. Maererano nechinzvimbo chake muPittsburgh Post-Gazette , Sandra naDaryl vakapedza zuva rekupedzisira pamwe chete uye manheru iwayo Sandra akatora mushonga uye akapfuura murugare muhope dzake. Akafa musi waMay 20, 2014, ava nemakore 69 kumba kwake kuItca, New York.
Selected Publications
Bem akakunda zvikomborero uye kugamuchirwa kwezvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvake. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinosanganisira:
- Bem, SL (1998). Mhuri isingasviki . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Bem, SL (1993). Majekiseni ehutano: Kuchinja nharo pamusoro pekusagadzikana kwepabonde . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Bem, SL (1981). Bem zvepabonde basa rezvenyanzvi rehuwandu hwebhuku . Palo Alto, Calif .: Kuongorora Masayendisiti Pepanhau.
- Bem, SL (1981). Gender schema theory: Nhoroondo yekuziva nezvekuita zvepabonde. Ongororo yePfungwa, 88 , 354- 364.
- Bem, SL (1974). Chiyero chepfungwa uye chekuita. Nhaurirano yeKubvunzurudza uye Clinic Psychology , 42 , 155-162.
- Bem, SL, & Bem, DJ (1973). Basa rekuita zvepabonde rinoparidzira "rubatsiro uye abet" kusarura pabonde here? Nyaya yeApplied Social Psychology , 3 , 6-18.
Sources:
Bem, SL (1993). Mazwi Evanhukadzi: Kuchinja Gakava pamusoro pekusagadzikana kwepabonde. New Haven, CT: Yale Univesity Press.
Bem, SL (1993). Pane nzvimbo mune zvepfungwa yekuti chikadzi chiongorore hupenyu hwevanhu? Uchikadzi nehupfungwa, 3 , 247-251.
Bem, SL (1995) Kushanda pahutano sehutano husingawirirani. Vakadzi uye chirwere: Magazini yevakadzi, 17, 43-53.
Cornell Chronicle. (2014, May 22). Sandra Bem, feminist uye mupfungwa wepfungwa, anofa. Cornell University.
George, M. (2002). Nhoroondo: Sandra Bem. Psychology's Feminist Voices.
Ove, T. (2014, May 22). Zvinodiwa: Sandra Bem / Masayendisiti, chikadzi, upiyona mune zvebonde. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette .