Gender schema theory yakatungamirirwa nemapfungwa wepfungwa, Sandra Bern muna 1981 uye akasimbisa kuti vana vanodzidza nezvebasa revarume nevakadzi kubva mutsika yavanogara. Maererano nedzidziso, vana vanogadzirisa maitiro avo kuti vaenderane nemitemo yegadziriro yemagariro avo kubva pamagariro ekutanga ehupfumi.
Dzidziso yaBem yakakonzerwa nekugadzirisa kwekufunga kwema1960 nema1970 pamwe nechido chake chekugadzirisa zvaaifunga kuti zvikanganiso mune zvepfungwa dzepfungwa neyemagariro evanhu maonero ezvenguva.
Freudian theories , iyo yakaratidza, yakanga yakanyanya kunyanya kugadziriswa kwehutachiona pamusoro pekukurudzira kwevakadzi. Pane kudaro, Bern akarayira kuti kufungidzira kwemwana kunzwisisana pamwe nemagariro evanhu kunokanganisa mafungiro emafungiro ( schema ) anotaura kuti "murume" uye "mukadzi" maitiro.
Nzira dzeMitemo yeGender Schema
Gender schemas ine simba kwete kungoita kuti vanhu vashandise ruzivo asi nemafungiro uye zvitendero zvinotungamirira "mufambiro wakakodzera".
Semuenzaniso, mwana anogara mune tsika dzakawanda angatenda kuti basa remukadzi riri mukuchengeta nekurera kwevana, nepo basa romurume riri mubasa uye mumabhizimusi. Kuburikidza nekucherechedza uku, vana vanogadzirira chirongwa chinopindirana nezvinoitwa nevarume nevakadzi uye vasingagoni.
Inotarisawo kukosha kwomunhu uye zvigoneko mumutambo iwoyo. Semuenzaniso, musikana akakurira mumutsika wemagariro angatenda kuti nzira yega yega inowanikwa kwaari semukadzi ndeyekuroorana nekurera vana.
Kusiyana neizvi, musikana akakurira mune imwe tsika inoramba achifambira mberi angashandura basa, kudzivisa kuva nevana, kana kusarudza kusaroora.
Zvakawanda zvezvinhu izvi zvinokurudzira zvakanyanya, asi dzimwe dzakawanda. Nekufananidzira, kunyange kuiswa kwemazita echikadzi muchirairo ("kuti varume nevakadzi vanofanirwa kuzvibata sei") inowanzoisa vakadzi munzvimbo yechipiri kuburikidza nekutonga.
Zvose izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwokuti chirongwa chepabonde chinoumbwa sei.
Migumisiro yekusagadzikana
Pakati pekuvakwa, varume nevakadzi vanoziva zvakajeka migumisiro yekusamatira kune tsika tsika. Mukadzi anosarudza kutsvaga basa, somuenzaniso, anganzi "upi" mune tsika dzetsika kana kuti kuonekwa se "kusaruramisira" kana "kusaremekedza" kumurume wake kana asingatore zita rake rokupedzisira.
Panzvimbo yeflip, kunyange mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinopfuurira mberi, varume vanogona kunge vasingatenderwi kuva mubereki wekugara, apo mukadzi angarondedzerwa se "akare-kare" kana "kumashure" kana akanamatira kune imwe tsika "amai veimba" basa.
Kana zvikakonzerwa nokusagutsikana kwevanhu, vanhu vanowanzonzwa vachimanikidzirwa kuti vachinje maitiro avo kana kutarisana nekurambwa nevaya vasingadi.
Gender Categories
Maererano nenyaya yaBern, vanhu vanowira mune imwe yezvikamu zvina zvakasiyana zvevakadzi:
- Zvepabonde-vanhu vakanyorwa ndevaya vanozivikanwa nehutano hwavo uye nekugadzirisa ruzivo kuburikidza ne lens yeiyo sarma schema.
- Vanhu vanoyambuka mumigwagwa vanogadzira ruzivo kuburikidza ne-lens yepakati pepabonde.
- Vanhu veAndrogynous vanoratidza zvose kufunga kwevarume nevakadzi.
- Undifferentiated vanhu havaratidze kushandiswa kusingaperi kwepabonde-typed processing.
Rational and Criticism
Mune zvinyorwa zvaro, Bem aidavira kuti zvirongwa zvepabonde zvakanga zvisingakwanisi varume, vakadzi, uye sangano rose. Kurera vana vakasununguka kubva pamatauriro aya uye zvisingakwanisi, akatenda, zvaizoita kuti ave norusununguko rukuru uye zvishoma zvingasarudzwa zvekusununguka.
Vatsoropodzi vedzidziso yeBem vanoti akafananidza vanhu sevanongoratidzira vanhu vari mukurudzirwa kwezvirongwa zvepabonde uye havana hanya nemasimba akaoma anoita pakuvaka kwehutano.
Kuita zvepabonde-Kubata basa
Mukuwedzera kune rondedzero yevakadzi, bem yakagadzira bhuku rinozivikanwa seBem Sex-Role Inventory (BRSI).
Nhamba yacho ine mazwi 60 akasiyana-siyana anenge ari varume, vakadzi, kana kuti kutenderwa kwevakadzi.
Paunenge uchitora muedzo, vapindura vanokumbirwa kuti vaone kuti vanoziva zvakasimba sei nechimiro chega chega. Panzvimbo pane kungongoronga vanhu sevarume kana vakadzi, zvinyorwa izvi zvinopa zvose zviito sechikamu chekuenderera mberi. Vanhu vanogona kunzvimbo yakakwirira pamusana mumwechete kana kuti pasi kune imwe (kurara nemurume) kana, zvimwe, zvakakwirira kumusoro zvose zvechimiro nevakadzi (androgynous).
IBIRRI yakatanga kusimbiswa muna 1974 uye yakabva yava imwe yepamusoro-shandiswa yakashandiswa pakuongorora kwepfungwa munyika.
> Kwakabva:
> Bern, S. (1994) Mazano evanhukadzi: Kuchinja Gakava pamusoro pekusagadzikana kwepabonde . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.