Yokutanga IQ Test uye Inopfuura
Kufarira muuchenjeri kwakatora zviuru zvemakore. Asi hazvina kuitika kusvikira gwepistori Alfred Binet akanzi ataure vadzidzi vaida rubatsiro rwekudzidzisa kuti chiedza chekutanga chekuchenjera (IQ) chakazvarwa. Kunyange zvazvo ine zvisingakwanisi, uye ine maonero akawanda anoshandisa zviyero zvishoma zvakanyanya, Binet's IQ test inonyatsozivikanwa munyika yose senzira yekufananidza huchenjeri.
Nhoroondo
Munguva yekutanga kwema1900, hurumende yeFrance yakabvunza Binet kuti ibatsire kusarudza kuti ndeupi vadzidzi vangave vachinetseka kuchikoro. Hurumende yakanga yaisa mitemo yaida kuti vana veFrance vose vauye kuchikoro, saka zvakakosha kuwana nzira yekuziva vana vaida rubatsiro rwakananga.
Binet neshamwari yake, Theodore Simon, vakatanga kutanga mibvunzo inotarisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kudzidziswa zvakananga kuchikoro, zvakadai sekucherechedza , kurangarira, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko . Uchishandisa mibvunzo iyi, Binet yakaronga kuti ndeapi iyo yakashanda sezvirevo zvakanakisisa zvekuchikoro kuchibudirira.
Akakurumidza kuona kuti vamwe vana vakakwanisa kupindura mibvunzo yakanyanyisa iyo vana vakwegura vaikwanisa kupindura, uye pamwe chete. Kubva pane zvakataurwa izvi, Binet akarayira pfungwa yezera repfungwa kana chiyero chehuchenjeri hunobva pauwandu hune simba hwevana vezera rimwe remakore.
Binet uye First IQ Test
Ichi chiyero chekutanga chengwaru, chinonzi nhasi seBinet-Simon Scale, chakava chikonzero chekuongorora kwehuchenjeri huri kushandiswa nhasi. Zvisinei, Binet pachake akanga asingatendi kuti zvigadzirwa zvake zvepfungwa zvinogona kushandiswa kuyera imwe chete, yakagadzikana, uye yakazvarwa yehuchenjeri.
Binet yakasimbisa zvikanganiso zvemuedzo, zvichiratidza kuti huchenjeri huri hwakawandisa pfungwa yekuenzanisa nenhamba imwechete. Pane kudaro, akasimbisa kuti huchenjeri hunokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu , kuti zvinoshandiswa kwenguva, uye kuti zvinogona kuenzaniswa nevana vane mamiriro akafanana.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
Apo Binet-Simon Scale yakaunzwa kuUnited States, yakaita chido chikuru. Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yeStanford University Lewis Terman yakatora kuedza kweBinet yepakutanga uye yakaienzanisa nayo uchishandisa muenzaniso wevatori vechiAmerica. Iko kuenzaniswa kwakaitwa, yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1916, yainzi Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale uye munguva pfupi yakava yeruzhinji rwekuongorora kwekuchenjera yakashandiswa muUnited States.
Dhiyabhorosi yeStanford-Binet yekuongorora yakashandisa nhamba imwe chete, inozivikanwa seye intelligence quotient (kana IQ), kuti inomiririra mapepa emunhu pachiedza. Ichi chikwata chakaverengerwa nekuparadzanisa nharo yenguva yekufungidzira kwemazera ake nenguva yezvakaitika panguva yake uyezve kuwedzera iyi nhamba ne100. Somuenzaniso, mwana ane makore ane makore gumi nemaviri uye nguva yezvakaitika zvegumi angave ane IQ ye 120 (12) / 10 x 100).
I Stanford-Binet inoramba iine chigadzirwa chinozivikanwa chekuongorora mazuva ano, pasinei nokufamba nenzira dzakawanda dzekudzokororwa pamusoro pemakore kubvira pakatanga.
Pros uye Cons yeIQ Kuongorora Nhoroondo
Pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika I, vakuru vehurumende veUnited States vakatarisana nebasa rekuongorora nhamba yakawandisa yevakatora. Muna 1917, sachigaro weKomiti yePeople's Psychological Examination of Recruits, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Robert Yerkes yakatanga miviri miviri inozivikanwa seAlly Alpha neBeta. Hondo yeAlfa yakagadzirirwa semuedzo wakanyorwa, asi Beta yeBeta yakaumbwa nemifananidzo yevashandi vakanga vasina kukwanisa kuverenga kana kutaura Chirungu. Iyi miedzo yakapiwa kune mamiriyoni maviri emasasa mukuedza kubatsira Hondo kuti ione kuti varume vakadini vakakodzera zvakakodzera nzvimbo uye hutungamiri mabasa.
Pakupera kweWWI, miedzo yakaramba iri kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana kunze kwemauto nevanhu vemarudzi ose, mazera, uye nyika. Semuenzaniso, IQ miedzo yakashandiswa kuvhara vatorwa vatsva sezvavakapinda muUnited States kuEllis Island. Zvigumisiro zvezviongorori zvepfungwa zvakange zvisiri izvo zvinoshandiswa kuita zvizere uye zvisakarurama zvakakwana pamusoro pevanhu vese, izvo zvakaunza humwe huchenjeri "nyanzvi" kukurudzira Congress kugadzirisa mitemo yekupinda kune dzimwe nyika.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Kuvaka pamuedzo weStanford-Binet, nyanzvi yepfungwa dzeAmerica David Wechsler akagadzira chigadzirwa chitsva. Zvakawanda saBinet, Wechsler aidavira kuti huchenjeri hunobatanidza pfungwa dzakasiyana. Asingagutsikani nekukanganisa kweStanford-Binet, akabudisa hutsva hwake hutsva hwokuzivikanwa , hwainzi Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) , muna 1955.
Wechsler akaumbawo miedzo miviri yakasiyana-siyana yakananga yekushandiswa nevana: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) uye Wechsler Preschool uye Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Chirongwa chekare chekuedzwa chakave chichirongedzerwa kubva pakabudiswa kwepakutanga uye inozivikanwa sa WAIS-IV.
WAIS-IV
IWIS-IV ine 10 kushandiswa pamwe chete nemashanu ekuwedzera. Chiyero chinopa zvakawanda muzvikamu zvina zvikuru zveuchenjeri: a Verbal Comprehension Scale, Kuongorora Kwekunzwisisa, Scroll Work Scale, uye Processing Speed Scale. Chiyero chinopawo zvikamu zviviri zvakadzika zvinogona kushandiswa sechidimbu chehuchenjeri hwose: A Full-Scale IQ chikwata chinobatanidza kushanda pane zvese zvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye General Ability Index yakabva pamatanhatu matanhatu ekunyora.
Zvimwe zvikamu zve WAIS-IV zvinogona kubatsira pakutsanangura kuremara kwekudzidza, zvakadai sezviitiko apo mapoka maduku mune dzimwe nzvimbo akabatanidzwa nechikwata chakakwirira kune dzimwe nzvimbo angaratidza kuti munhu ane dambudziko rakadzidza rokudzidza.
Panzvimbo pokutsvaga muedzo uyu zvichienderana nenguva yezvakaitika uye nguva yepfungwa, sezvazvakanga zvakaita nyaya yepakutanga Stanford-Binet, WAIS inowanikwa nekuenzanisa chikamu chekuwana taker kune vamwe vazhinji vari muzera rimwe chete. Ivhareji yepakati inogadziriswa pa100, uye zviviri-zvitatu zvezvikamu zviri muhutano hwakanaka pakati pe 85 ne115. Iyi nzira yekugadzira yakave iyo nzira yakakwana mukuongororwa kweunyanzvi uye inoshandiswawo mukuvandudzwa kwemazuva ano kweStanford-Binet muedzo.
> Sources:
> Antonson AE. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Muna: Clauss-Ehlers CS, ed. Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA; 2010.
> Coalson DL, Raiford SE, Saklofske DH, LG Weiss. WAIS-IV: Kufambira Mberi Mukuongorora kweUchenjeri. Mu: WAIS-IV Kushandiswa kweKliniki nekuShandurwa. Elsevier, Inc .; 2010: 3-23. doi: 10.1016 / B978-0-12-375035-8.10001-1.
> Fancher RE, Rutherford A. Mapiyona ePychology. 5th ed. New York: WW Norton; 2016.
> Greenwood J. Masayendisiti Masayendisiti Endai kuhondo. Scientist Behavioral. Yakabudiswa May 22, 2017.