Chii chaicho kuchenjera? Nepo huchenjeri humwe humwe hukuru hwakataurwa pamusoro pezvidzidzo mune zvepfungwa , hapachina tsanangudzo yakazara yezvinonyatsoshanda huchenjeri. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaratidza kuti huchenjeri hune humwe chete, hune simba hukuru, asi vamwe vanotenda kuti huchenjeri hune maitiro akasiyana-siyana, unyanzvi, uye matarenda.
Maitiro avanofunga nezvepfungwa dzepfungwa anotsanangura kuchenjera
Uchenjeri hwakanga hwave hunokosha uye hunokakavadzana munhoroondo yepfungwa yepfungwa. Pasinei nekufarira kukuru munyaya yacho, zvichiri kukanganisa kukuru pamusoro pezvikamu zvinoumba huchenjeri. Mukuwedzera kune mibvunzo yenzira chaiyo yekutsanangurira huchenjeri, nharo yacho inopfuurira nhasi pamusoro pekuti zviyero zvakarurama zvinokwanisika here.
Panyaya dzakasiyana-siyana munhoroondo yechangobva kuitika, vatsvakurudzi vakaronga dzimwe tsanangudzo dzakasiyana dzehuchenjeri. Kunyange zvazvo tsanangudzo idzi dzichigona kusiyanisa zvakasiyana kubva kune imwe nyanzvi kuenda kune inotevera, maitiro zvino maitiro anowanzoratidza kuti huchenjeri hune huwandu hwokukwanisa kuita zvinotevera:
- Dzidza: Kuwana, kuchengetedza, uye kushandiswa kwezivo ndechimwe chinhu chinokosha chekuchenjera.
- Ziva matambudziko: Kuisa ruzivo rwekushandisa, vanhu vanofanira kukwanisa kuziva zvinogona kuitika mumamiriro ezvinhu anoda kutariswa.
- Kugadzirisa zvinetso: Vanhu vanofanira kunge vachikwanisa kutora zvavanenge vadzidza kuti vauye nechinogadzirisa chinetso kune dambudziko ravakaona munyika iri mavari.
Uchenjeri hunosanganisira humwe hutano hwakasiyana-siyana hunosanganisira kufunga, kufunga, kugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kuronga. Kunyange zvazvo nyaya yekuchenjera ndeimwe yepamusoro uye yakanyatsotsvakurudzwa, ihwowo ndeimwe yemisoro inokonzera kukakavara kukuru.
Kunyange zvazvo mafungiro epfungwa anowanzopikisana nezvezvinotsanangurwa uye zvinokonzera njere, kutsvakurudza kune huchenjeri hunoita basa rinokosha munzvimbo dzakawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvisarudzo pamusoro pekuti mari yakawanda inofanira kupihwa kumapurogiramu ezvesedzidzo, kushandiswa kwekuongororwa kuvhidhiyo vashandi, uye kushandiswa kwekuedza kutsvaga vana vanoda ruzivo rwedzidzo.
Zvakaitika paIndaneti
Izwi rokuti "intelligence quotient," kana IQ, rakatanga kuumbwa mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 nemuongorori wechiGiriki ainzi William Stern. Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Alfred Binet yakagadzira matanho ekutanga euchenjeri kuti abatsire hurumende yeFrance inozivisa vana vechikoro vanoda ruzivo rwakanyanya rwezvidzidzo. Binet ndiye wekutanga kutaurira pfungwa yezera repfungwa, kana sarudzo yehutano iyo vana vezera rimwe vane.
Kubvira panguva iyo, kuongorora kwekuchenjera kwakave sakare senhumbi yakashandiswa zvikuru yakakonzera kukudziridza mimwe miedzo yakawanda yeunyanzvi uye unhu. Zvisinei, inoramba ichiita kuti mhirizhonga uye kukakavara pamusoro pekushandiswa kwekuedza kwakadaro, tsika dzetsika dzinogona kuve dzakabatanidzwa, dzinoita kuti tive neuchenjeri, uye kunyange iyo nzira chaiyo inotsanangura kuchenjera.
Nzira dzeUchenjeri
Vatsvakurudzi vakasiyana-siyana vakatsanangura mafungiro akasiyana-siyana kuti atsanangure maitiro euchenjeri. Heano mamwe emamwe mazano makuru euchenjeri akave akabuda mumakore zana apfuura:
Charles Spearman: General Intelligence
Muongorori wepfungwa wekuBritain Charles Spearman (1863-1945) akatsanangura pfungwa yaaizonzi sehuchenjeri hukuru , kana g g factor . Mushure mokushandisa nzira yakanzi sechikonzero chekuongorora kuti uongorore humwe hutano hwepfungwa, Spearman akagumisa kuti zvikwata pamatambudziko aya zvakafanana zvakafanana. Vanhu vakaita zvakanaka pane imwe yeruzivo rwekufungidzira vaitoita zvakanaka kune dzimwe mimwe miedzo, apo avo vakawana zvakaipa pane imwe muedzo vaiwanzokomberedza vamwe. Akagumisa kuti njere ndeyekugona kugadzirisa zvigaro izvo zvinogona kuyerwa uye kuverengwa.
Louis L. Thurstone: Mazano Epamusoro Pfungwa
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Louis L.Thurstone (1887-1955) yakapa pfungwa yakasiyana yehuchenjeri. Panzvimbo yekuona huchenjeri semunhu mumwe chete, kukwanisa kukuru, Thurstone nheyo yepamusoro yakananga pane zvinomwe zvakasiyana-siyana pfungwa dzepfungwa. Unyanzvi hwaakatsanangura hunosanganisira:
- Verbal comprehension
- Kukurukurirana
- Nzwiso yekukurumidza
- Numerical ability
- Shoko rinonzwisisa
- Shamwari yekuyeuka
- Spatial visualization
Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
Imwe yezvinofungwa zvangobva kuitika ndeye Howard Gardner nheyo yezvirevo zvakawanda . Panzvimbo pokutsvaga kuongororwa kwezvidzidzo zvayo, Gardner akarayira kuti nhamba dzemashoko ekuchenjera kwevanhu, akadai muIQ test, haisi mufananidzo wakakwana uye wakarurama wemano evanhu. Dzidziso yake inotsanangura humwe hutatu hwakasiyana-siyana hwehuchenjeri hunobva mune unyanzvi uye unyanzvi hunokosha mumitemo yakasiyana.
Masere masere euchenjeri Gardner akatsanangurwa ndeaya:
- Kutarisa-nzvimbo yekuchenjera
- Verbal-linguistic intelligence
- Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
- Logical-mathematical intelligence
- Interpersonal intelligence
- Musical intelligence
- Kuziva kusaziva
- Kuchenjerera kwepanyama
Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Robert Sternberg yakatsanangura uhu "hutano hwemagariro hunoendeswa kune hunyoro hunoenderana nekusarudza, nekugadzirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu echokwadi chaiwo anoenderana noupenyu hwehupenyu." Kunyange zvazvo akabvumirana naGarnner kuti huchenjeri huzhinji hwakawanda kupfuura humwe chete, hukuru hukuru, iye pane imwe nzvimbo akataura kuti mamwe maGenner's kind of intelligence ari nani kutaridzirwa semararamiro evanhu. Sternberg akarondedzera zvaaireva se "njere dzakabudirira," izvo zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvitatu zvakasiyana:
- Analytical intelligence: Matambudziko ako ekugadzirisa matambudziko.
- Unyanzvi hwekuumba: Unhu hwako hwekutarisana nemamiriro matsva uchishandisa zviitiko zvekare uye unyanzvi huripo.
- Unyanzvi hunoshanda: Unyanzvi hwako hwekugadzirisa hupenyu hunoshanduka.
Mibvunzo Nezvekuongorora Njere
Kuti uwane kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweuchenjeri uye miedzo yakagadzirwa mukuedza kuongorora pfungwa iyi, zvakakosha kunzwisisa nhoroondo yekuongorora kweunyanzvi, tsvakurudzo yezvesayenzi yakaitwa, uye zvakawanikwa zvakabuda.
Mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pekuchenjera uye IQ kuongorora ichiri kusanganisira:
- Uchenjeri hune simba rimwechete here, kana hunosanganisira kuenzaniswa kweunyanzvi hwakawanda uye mano?
- Uchenjeri huri nhaka here, kana kuti zvakatipoteredza zvine basa guru?
- Iko kuongorora kwekuchenjera kunokanganisa here?
- Chii chinonzi huchenjeri hunofanotaura, kana chimwe chinhu?
Kuti uongorore mibvunzo iyi, vanachipangamazano vepfungwa vakaita huwandu hwekutsvakurudza pamusoro pemaitiro, maitiro, nemigumisiro yekuziva.
Shoko Rinobva
Nepo pave pane nharo huru pamusoro pechiratidzo chaicho chekuchenjera, hapana kugadzirisa kwekufungidzira kwakabuda. Nhasi, vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanogara vachitaura nezvemaonero akawanda ekutaura pavanenge vachitaurirana nezvekuchenjera uye vanobvuma kuti iyi nharo iri kupfuurira.
> Sources:
> Gardner H. Nyaya dzeMangariro: Inyanzvi ye Multiple Intelligences. 3rd ed. New York: Basic Books; 2011.
> Spearman C. "General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured. American Journal of Psychology 15. 1904; 15: 201-293.
> Sternberg RJ. Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Intelligence . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1985.
> Thurstone LL. Pfungwa dzepfungwa dzepamusoro . Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1938.