Nzira yePsychoanalytic yePychology
Psychoanalysis inorondedzerwa senheyo yepfungwa dzepfungwa uye nzira dzokurapa dzinotangira mubasa nemanzwiro aSigmund Freud. Pfungwa huru pakati pepfungwa inokonzera pfungwa ndeyekuti vanhu vose vane pfungwa dzisina ruzivo, manzwiro, zvido, uye zviyeuchidzo. Nokuunza zvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki kuti vazive, vanhu vanokwanisa kuwana catharsis uye vanzwisise maitiro avo emazuva ano.
Basic Tenets
- Nzira iyo vanhu vanoita nayo inonyanya kuchinjwa nevanenge vasingazivi.
- Kuvandudzwa kwehupenyu kunonyanya kutungamirirwa nezviitiko zvehucheche. Freud akarayira kuti unhu hwakanyanya kuiswa mumatombo nemakore mashanu.
- Kuunza ruzivo kubva kune chinhu chisinganzwisisiki mukuziva kunogona kutungamirira ku catharsis uye kubvumira vanhu kuti vatarise nyaya yacho.
- Vanhu vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuzvidzivirira kuti vadzivirire pachavo kubva kune mashoko ari mune zvisinganzwisisiki.
- Zvinetso zvepfungwa uye zvepfungwa zvakadai sekuora mwoyo uye kuzvidya mwoyo zvinowanzobva mumakakatanwa pakati pemafungiro anoziva uye asingazivi.
- Mumwe muongorori ane unyanzvi anogona kubatsira kuunza zvimwe zvinhu zvekusaziva mukuziva kuburikidza nekushandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzakadai sokurota hope uye kushamwaridzana kusununguka.
Nhoroondo Yfupi
Sigmund Freud ndiye aiva nheyo ye psychoanalysis uye psychodynamic approach to psychology.
Ichi chikoro chepfungwa chakasimbisa kukanganisa kwepfungwa dzisina ruzivo pane mufambiro. Freud aidavira kuti pfungwa yevanhu yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvitatu: id, ego, uye superego.
Mafungiro aFrud epfungwa dzepfungwa, zvekusaziva, uye kurota chiratidzo chinoramba chiri chirevo chakakurumbira pakati pevamwe vezvepfungwa uye vanoisa vanhu, pasinei nokuti basa rake rinotarirwa nekusava nechokwadi nevakawanda nhasi.
Zvakawanda zvekucherechedza kwaFeudud uye maonero acho zvaive zvichibva pamakiriniki epakirini uye zvidzidzo zvekare, zvichiita kuti zviwani zvake zvive zvakaoma kuti zviite kuvanhu vazhinji. Pasinei, maonero aFrud akachinja maonero atinofunga pamusoro pemafungiro nemafungiro evanhu uye akasiya chiratidzo chisingagumi pane zvepfungwa uye tsika.
Imwe nyanzvi inobatanidza nehupfungwa yepfungwa inonzi Erik Erikson . Erikson akawedzera maonero eFrud uye akasimbisa kukosha kwekukura mukati meupenyu hwose. Erikson's psychosocial stage theory of personality is still an influence in today's understanding of human development.
Maererano neAmerica Psychoanalytic Association, kushaya pfungwa kwepfungwa kunobatsira vanhu kuti vanzwisise kuburikidza nekuongorora mafungiro avo kazhinji havazivi nokuti vakavanzwa musingazivi. Nhasi, kugadzirisa pfungwa kwepfungwa hakusi kungoita zvepfungwa chete zvepfungwa asi zvakare kushandisa psychoanalysis (iyo inoshandisa pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakagadzikana kumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo-nyika nemamiriro ezvinhu) uye neuro-psychoanalysis (iyo yakashandisa neuroscience kune pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakadai sekurota nekudzvinyirira).
Kunyange zvazvo tsika dzechirungu dzeFrudhiya dzingave dzisina kufarirwa, nzira dzemazuva ano dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinosimudzira kusaruramisira uye kunzwira tsitsi.
Vatengi vanogona kunzwa vakachengeteka sezvavanotsvaga manzwiro, zvido, zviyeuchidzo uye zvinonetsa zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko epfungwa. Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidzawo kuti kuzviongorora kunoshandiswa mumagariro epalanalytic kunogona kubatsira pakuwedzera kwenguva refu mupfungwa.
Mazuva anokosha
- 1856 - Gore raSagmund Freud rakazvarwa
- 1886 - Gore gore Freud akatanga kupa chirwere
- 1892 - Gore gore Josef Breuer akarondedzera nyaya yaAna O kuna Freud
- 1895 - Gore iro Anna Freud akaberekwa
- 1900 - Gore raSagmund Freud rakabudisa bhuku rake The Interpretation of Dreams
- 1896 - Gore raSagmund Freud akatanga kugadzira izwi rokuti psychoanalysis
- 1907 - Gore iro Vienna Psychoanalytic Society yakaumbwa
- 1908 - Musangano wekutanga wepasi pose wepfungwaanalysts wakaitwa
- 1909 - Gore gore Freud akaita rwendo rwake rwekutanga uye roga roga kuenda kuUnited States
- 1913 - Gore gore Jung rakabva kuna Freud uye kushaya pfungwa
- 1936 - Gore iro Vienna Psychoanalytic Society rakatumidzwa zvakare rikava International Psychoanalytic Association
- 1939 - Gore iro Sigmund Freud akafa muLondon mushure mekurwara kwenguva refu nekenza yemuromo
Mafungiro makuru muPyychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud
- Anna Freud
- Erik Erikson
- Erich Fromm
- Carl Jung
- Karl Abraham
- Otto Rank
- Sabina Spielrein
Key Terminology
Psychoanalysis inosanganisirawo mitauro yakasiyana-siyana uye pfungwa dzakabatana nemafungiro, unhu uye mushonga.
Case Studies
Chidzidzo chekuongorora chinotsanangurwa sekudzidza zvakadzama kweumwe munhu. Zvimwe zvezvidzidzo zvakanyanya kuzivikanwa zveFrud zvinosanganisira Dora, Little Hans, naAna O. uye akave nemasimba ane simba pakuvandudzika kwepfungwa dzake dzepfungwa.
Mune chiitiko chekudzidza, muongorori anoedza kutarisisa zvikuru pane zvose zvehupenyu hwomunhu. Nokunyatsodzidza munhu wacho zvakanyanya, tariro ndeyekuti muongorori anogona kuwana ruzivo rwekuti nhoroondo yemunhu iyeye inobatsira sei pane zvavanoita zvino. Kunyange zvazvo tariro ndeyokuti pfungwa dzakagadzirirwa panguva yekuongorora nyaya dzinogona kushandiswa kune vamwe, zvinowanzomesa kuwedzera zvigumisiro nokuti zvidzidzo zvedambudziko zvinowanzove zvakanyanyisa.
Icho Chinhu Chinoziva uye Chisinganzwisisi
Iyo pfungwa isina chizivo inosanganisira zvinhu zvose zviri kunze kwekuziva kwedu kuziva. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kuyeuka kwevana vaduku, zvishuvo zvepachivande nekufambisa zvakavanzika. Maererano naFeudud, chinhu chisinganzwisisi chine zvinhu zvinogona kunge zvisingafadzi kana kuti zvisingagamuchirwi nevanhu. Nokuti zvinhu izvi zvinogona kuunza kurwadziwa kana kukakavara, vanovigwa musingazivi.
Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa idzi, zviyeuchidzo, uye zvinokurudzira zvingave zviri kunze kwekuziva kwedu, zvinoramba zvichichinja nzira yatinofunga, kuita uye kuzvibata. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinhu izvo zvisiri kunze kwekuziva kwedu zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro nenzira dzisina kunaka uye zvinotungamirira kukutambudzika mupfungwa.
Pfungwa dzinoziva dzinosanganisira zvose zviri mukati mekuziva kwedu. Zviri mukati memafungiro anoziva zvinhu izvo zvatinoziva kana zvinogona kuunza nyore mukuziva.
Id, Ego, uye Superego
Idhi : Freud aidavira kuti unhu hwakanga hwakagadzirwa nhatu dzinokosha. Yokutanga yeiyi kubuda inozivikanwa sei id. Iyo id ine zvose zvisinganzwisisiki, zvinyorwa uye zvinotyisa zvinoda.
Ego : Chikamu chechipiri cheunhu hwekubuda hunozivikanwa sego. Uyu ndiwo chikamu chehupenyu hunofanira kutarisana nemitemo yezvinoitika. Inobatsira kudzora zvinokurudzirwa zveiyo uye inoita kuti tive nemafambiro nenzira iyo yose inofanirwa uye inogamuchirwa. Panzvimbo pokuita maitiro akagadzirirwa kugutsa zvido zvedu uye zvido zvedu, hupenyu hunotikurudzira kuti tizadzise zvido zvedu nenzira dzinogamuchirwa nevanhu uye dzechokwadi. Mukuwedzera pakuraira zvido zveiyo, ego inobatsirawo kuisa kuenzanisa pakati pezvido zvedu zvinokosha, zvido zvedu, uye chokwadi.
Superego : I-superego ndiyo yekupedzisira yehupenyu hunobuda uye ine zvatinoda uye zvatinoda. Maitiro uye zvitendero izvo vabereki vedu nevanzanga vanozviisa mukati medu ndiyo simba rinotungamirira re superego uye rinoedza kuita kuti titevedzere maererano nemitemo iyi.
Nzira dzekudzivirira Ego
Kuzvidzivirira nzira ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa ego kudzivirira pachedu kuzvidya mwoyo. Izvi zvishandiso zvinodzivirira zvinoita sekuchengetedza kuchengetedza zvinhu zvisingafadzi kana zvinonetsa zvekusaziva kubva pakupinda mukuziva. Apo chimwe chinhu chinoratidzika sechinyanyisa kana chisina kukodzera, nzira dzokuzvidzivirira dzinobatsira kuchengetedza ruzivo kupinda muchizivo kuitira kuti kuderedza kushungurudzika.
Kururamisa
- Mafungiro aFrud akasimudzira pfungwa dzisina ruzivo, zvepabonde, utsinye uye zvakaitika kune vana.
- Zvakawanda zvemashoko anotsanangurwa nema psychoanalytic theorists zvakaoma kuyera uye kuverenga.
- Mafungiro mazhinji aFrud aive akavakirwa pane zvidzidzo zvepamusoro uye kuongororwa kwechiremba panzvimbo pokutsvakurudza, tsvakurudzo yesayenzi.
Strengths
- Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzakawanda dzepfungwa dzisina kunyanya kuvimba nekutsvakurudza kwekuedza, nzira nemafungiro epfungwa dzepfungwa dzakagadzirisa pakuvandudzika kwepfungwa yekuongorora.
- Zvakawanda zvezvinyorwa zvehupenyu zvakagadzirwa nemafungiro epfungwa dzinenge zvichinakidza mazuva ano, kusanganisira nharo yaErikson yepfungwa dzepfungwa uye Freud's psychosexual stage theory.
- Psychoanalysis yakazarura mafungiro matsva ekurwara kwepfungwa, zvichiratidza kuti kutaura nezvezvinetso nevechiremba kunogona kubatsira kubvisa zviratidzo zvepfungwa mupfungwa.
References:
American Psychoanalytic Association. (nd). About psychoanalysis. Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.apsa.org/content/about-psychoanalysis.
Freud, S. (1916-1917). Nhaurirano hurukuro pamusoro pepfungwa . SE, 22, 1-182.
Freud, A. (1937). Ego uye nzira dzekudzivirira. London: Karnac Books.
Schwartz, C. (2015). Apo Freud inodya fMRI. The Atlantic . Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/08/neuroscience-psychoanalysis-casey-schwartz-mind-fields/401999/.