Mupiro Anonyanya Kuzvipira Pamwe Pakati Pezvinhu Zviduku Zvokukurukurirana
Mamie Phipps Clark mumwe mukadzi anozivikanwa mupfungwa yepfungwa , anozivikanwa zvikuru nekutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pedzinza, kuzvidzora, uye kukura vana. Akashanda pamwe nemurume wake, Kenneth Clark, airemekedza muna 1954 Brown vs Board of Education mhosva uye ndiye akanga ari mukadzi wekutanga mutema kuti awane dhigirii kubva ku Columbia University.
Mamie Phipps Upenyu Hwokutanga
Mamie Phipps Clark akaberekerwa muHot Springs, Arkansas.
Baba vake, Harold, vaiva chiremba uye amai vake, Katie, vakanga vachishanda pakubatsira murume wavo nekuita kwake. Akakurudzirwa nevabereki vake kuti vatevere dzidzo yake, akatanga kuniji sefizikiki uye masvomhu makuru. Akasangana nemurume wake, Kenneth Clark, kuWoward uye nokukurumidza akakurudzira iye kuti achinje majors kuenda kuchipfungwa. Akapedza magna cum laude muna 1938 ndokubva apedza nguva yakawanda achishanda muhofisi yepamutemo apo aikwanisa kupupurira kutanga-kupisa migumisiro inokuvadza yokusarura, mutemo wemutemo wakaita kuti vanhu vatsva nevatsvene vaparadzane.
Akakurumidza kupinda chikoro chekupedza chikoro uye akava nevana vaviri vachimutevera. Basa rayo tenzi wake raive pamusoro pekuumbwa kwemazita evanhu uye kuzvikudza . Basa rake rakabatsira kupa nzira yekutsvaga tsvakurudzo pamusoro pechikonzero chavo-voga pakati pevashoma. Muna 1943, akawana Ph.D. wake. kubva kuUniversity University. Haasi iye chete iyeye mukadzi mutema purogiramu yose, akava wechipiri weAfrica -America kuti awane chiremba kubva kuColumbia, wokutanga kuva murume wake.
Kutanga Basa Rake
Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza, Clark akaona kuti kuwana mikana yakanaka yebasa kwakanga kwakaoma. "Kunyange zvazvo murume wangu akanga atanga kuwana nzvimbo yekudzidzisa kuGuta College reNew York, mushure mokunge ndapedza kudzidza ndakabva ndava pachena kwandiri kuti mukadzi wechikadzi ane Ph.D. mune zvepfungwa aive asina kudiwa asingazivikanwi muNew York City mukutanga 1940, "akazotsanangurazve.
Mushure mekushanda muchidimbu kuongorora dhiyabhorosi yeAmerican Public Health Association, akaenderera mberi kune imwe nzvimbo sechiremba wezvekutsvakurudza kweUnited States Armed Forces Institute. Paaishanda semuongorori wepfungwa mupfungwa musangano revasikana vasina misha vasiri misha, Clark akacherechedza kuti kushanda kwehutano hwepfungwa kwakagadziriswa nevana vaduku. Muna 1946, Clark nemurume wake vakagadzira Northside Center for Child Development, iyo ndiyo yaimbova sangano rekupa rubatsiro rwepfungwa kune vana nemhuri dzinogara muHarare. Clark akaenderera mberi achishanda semutungamiri weNorway Centre kusvikira asarasikirwa muna 1979.
Kuvandudzwa kweClark Doll Test
Mune imwe nzira yekuongorora, Clarks akaratidza vana vemadiro madhora maviri akanga akafanana munzira dzose kunze kwekuti imwe doll yakanga yakachena uye imwe yakanga iri yakasviba. Vana vacho vakabva vabvunzwa mibvunzo yemibvunzo yakadai kusanganisira chido chipi chavakasarudza kutamba nacho, icho chido chakanga chiri "chido" chikafu, icho chaiva "chido chakaipa," uye icho chaitaridzika semucheche.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti havasi ivo chete vevana vaizoziva dhizha dema se "yakaipa" imwe, inenge 50-muzana yakasarudza chichena chido seicho chavakafanana chaizvo. Apo vadzidzi vemazvikoro kubva kune zvikoro zvakatsaurwa vakafananidzwa nezvikwata zvechikoro zvakasanganiswa, zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti vana kubva kune zvikoro zvakatsaurwa vainyanya kurondedzera chichena chido se "yakanaka".
Kuedza kwakabata basa rinokosha muBrown vs. Bhodhi reZvikoro nekutaridza zvinokuvadza zvekuparadzanisa vana. Dare Repamusorosoro rakaenderera mberi kuti ritonge kuti kusarura kwemarudzi muzvikoro zveUnited States kwakanga kusina mutemo.
Contributions to Psychology
Mamie Phipps Clark akaita basa rinokosha mubasa rehurumende, sezvo aishanda nemurume wake akaratidza kuti pfungwa ye "yakasiyana asi yakaenzana" yakaisa kure nemari yakaenzana kune vechidiki vemajaya. Kutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pechikonzero chavo pakati pevashoma vakafuridzira tsvakurudzo yakawanda pamusoro penyaya uye vakazarura nzvimbo itsva dzekutsvakurudza mukati memunda wekukura kwepfungwa .
Zvinosuruvarisa, zvipo zvake zvakakosha zvinowanzoregererwa munguva yakapfuura, nekwenyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoitika mumabhuku uye mabhuku ezvinyorwa achitaura iye oga pakupfuura. Mubhuku rake rinonzi History of Psychology , munyori David Hothersall anotaura kuti vanhu vashomanana, kusanganisira madzimai uye vakadzi vepfungwa dzepfungwa, vave vachiregererwa mukufunga kwepfungwa.
Zvinyorwa zvake zvinosanganisira:
- Clark, M. (1944). Kuchinja muhutano hwepfungwa nepamwe. Archives of Psychology, 291. New York: Columbia University.
- Clark, MP & Karp, J. (1961). Mushumo wepurogiramu yegadziriro yezhizha. Elementary School Journal, 61 , 137-142.
- Clark, MP (1970). Kuchinja mafungiro mune hutano hwepfungwa, kutaridzika kwemakore makumi matatu. Nhaurirano yeChinyorwa, Chegumi nemakore Anniversary Conference, May 7. New York: Northside Center for Child Development.
- Clark, KB, & Clark, MP (1939). Kuvandudzwa kwekuzviziva kwega uye kubuda kwehutano hwemadzinza muNegro kusati vana vana. Nyaya yeSocial Psychology, 10 , 591-599.
- Clark, KB, & Clark, MP (1939). Kusarura sechinhu chinokonzera kusarura kwevanhu veNigro vasati vadzidza chikoro. Zvinyorwa Zvedzidzo Yedzidzo, 8 , 161-165.
Sources:
Butler, SN Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark (1917-1983). The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . 2009.
Guthrie, R. Kunyange Pamu yaiva yakachena . 1976.
Hothersall, D. History of Psychology. 3rd Edition. 1995.
O'Connell & Russo, A., N. (Mup.) Mifananidzo yekubudirira: Kufungidzirwa kwevakadzikadzi vese mu Psychology. 2002.
Warren, W. Black Women Scientists muUnited States. 1999.