Lewis Terman aiva mupfungwa wepfungwa anonyanya kuzivikanwa uyo anozivikanwa nokuda kweshanduro yake yeStanford-Binet yekuongorora njere uye nokuda kwekudzidza kwake kwenguva refu yezvipo. Tsvakurudzo yake ndeyekureba kwenguva refu yakadzidza yakamboitwa. Basa rake rakawedzera zvipo zvinokosha pakunzwisisa kwokuti kungwara kunobatsira sei kubudirira kwehupenyu, hutano, nemigumisiro.
Chinonyanya Kuzivikanwa:
- Genetic Studies of Genius
- Chikoro chepfungwa chepfungwa
- Eugenics
- Kuwedzera kukura nekuvandudzwa kweBinet-Simon IQ muedzo
- Kuongorora kwepfungwa
Upenyu hwaTime Terman
Lewis Madison Terman aiva wechipiri chevana gumi nevaviri vakaberekerwa musi waJanuary 15, 1877 kumhuri yekurima muIndia. Kunyange zvazvo vashomanana vezera rake vakadzidza mberi kwebhikoro re8, Terman yaiva mbiri uye yakashuva. Zviitiko zvake zvepakutanga zvave zvichida izvo zvakaita kuti awedzere kuda kwake kudzidza kudzidza huchenjeri uye zvipo.
Achibatsirwa nezvikwereti kubva kumhuri yake, Terman akapedza BS, BP uye BA digiri kuCentral Normal College muna 1894 na1898. Akabva aenda kunowana BA ne MA kubva kuIndia University kuBloomington muna 1903. Muna 1905, akawana PhD yake mune Psychology kubva kuClark University.
Basa uye Ongororo
Terman's PhD nheyo yepamusoro yepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinogona kushandiswa kusiyanisa vadzidzi vane zvipo kubva kune avo vakanga vasingazivikanwi.
Akaita mimwe miedzo yaiita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa uye inosanganisira matanho ekugadzira, masvomhu, kukwanisa, magetsi, ruzivo, uye mutauro.
Mushure mekunge apedza kudzidza, pakutanga akashanda semukuru wechikoro muCalifornia uye makore maviri gare gare akava purofesa kuLos Angeles Normal School.
Muna 1910, akava purofesa paStanford University, kwaaizogara kusvikira afa muna 1956.
Mushure mekuva purofesa kuStanford, akashanda pakuongororazve mavhesi ekutanga eBinet-Simon kuti ashandiswe neAmerica vanhu. Shanduro yake yakagadziriswa yemuedzo yakazozivikanwa seStanford-Binet uye yakazove yakanyanya kushandiswa IQ test . Mukuwedzera pakudzokorora kuedza kwepakutanga, zvakare akatanga kushandisa mazano aisanganisira kutora nguva yekufunga, kugovana nemakore ekuverenga, uye kuwedzera kuburikidza nemakore zana kuti auye neinozivikanwa seve intelligence quotient kana IQ.
Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwekutongwa kwaToman kwakaitika panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, apo kuedzwa kwakagadziriswa uye kwakabatana nedzimwe kuongorora kuumba Army alpha (text-based) uye Alpha beta (mifananidzo-based) test. Mamiriyoni emasoja akapiwa izvi kuongororwa, uye avo vakagamuchira "A" purogiramu vakakurudzirwa kuva mukuru wekudzidzisa apo avo vakagamuchira "D" kana "E" havana kupiwa kudzidziswa kwakadaro.
Terman aivawo eugenicist anozivikanwa, akamboti Galton ndiye ane simba guru. Pane imwe nguva, akashandisa zviongorori zveChirungu kuvanhu vemaSpanish-vatauriri pamwe nevadzidzi vasiri vasiri vechikoro uye vakagumisa kuti kuenderera mberi kwechikoro kwaive chikonzero chekugara uye kwaive nevemadzinza.
Terman aivewo nhengo yeHuman Improment Foundation, boka rakatsigira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, rakamanikidza kupera simba kune avo vaifunga kuti havana kufunga.
Terman's Genius Study
Muna 1921, Terman akatanga "Genetic Studies of Genius," chidzidzo chenguva refu chakagadziriswa kuti chiongorore kana vadzidzi veIQ vepamusoro vakakwanisa kubudirira muupenyu . Zvaakawana ndezvokuti zvikamu zvake zvepamusoro zveIQ (izvo aireva sekuti "Termites") zvaiwanzoita hutano, kureba, uye zvakanyanya kufanana nevamwe vana.
Kubva pamigumisiro yake, Terman akaratidza kuti zvipo zvevana zvinofanira kuonekwa kare, zvigadziriswa mirayiridzo, uye zvinokwanisa kuwana vadzidzisi vakadzidziswa zvakanyanya.
Terman akawana kuti kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vepamusoro-soro dzeIQ dzaive dzakabudirira kwazvo, hazvisi zvose zvakafambidzana uye vazhinji chaizvoizvo havana kuve nani kupfuura yevhareji. Akawana kuti avo vakapedzisira vava ivo vakabudirira zvikuru vaitora zvakakwirira pakuzvivimba, kutsungirira, uye chinangwa-chinangwa sevana.
Chidzidzo ichi chiri kuenderera mberi nhasi, chakaitwa nemamwe magwepistori, uye chakave chakareba kudarika-kushanda chidzidzo munhoroondo.
Sarudza Mabhuku
Terman yakabudisa mabhuku akawanda uye zvinyorwa zvakajekesa tsvakurudzo yaaiita achitarisa kuunyanzvi uye kuongorora kweIQ. Zvimwe zvezvi zvinosanganisira:
Terman, LM (1916). Kuyera kweUchenjeri: Tsanangudzo uye Yakazara Mufambiro wekushandiswa kweStanford Revision nekuwedzera kweBinet-Simon Intelligence Scale . Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co.
Terman, LM (1917). Stanford Revision uye Kuwedzerwa kweBinet-Simon Scale Kuyera Inyanzvi . Baltimore. Warwick & York, Inc.
Terman, LM (1925). Genetic Studies of Genius . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Terman, LM (1930). Autobiography of Lewis Terman . Muna Carl A. Murchison, uye Edwin G. Boring. A History of Psychology in Autobiography . Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
Terman, LM, uye Merrill, MA (1937). Kuyera Intelligence: Mutungamiri wekutungamirirwa kweSvondo Revised Stanford-Binet itsva yekuongorora kweUchenjeri . Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Terman, LM, Oden. MH, naBayley, N. (1947). Mwana Akapiwa Anokura: Makumi makumi maviri nemashanu Anotevera Gwaro Rakakwirira . Genetic studies of genius. ndima. 4. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Chii Chakanga chiri Lewis Lewis Mipiro yePsychology?
Lewis Terman akashanda basa rinokosha mukutanga kwekugadzirwa kwepfungwa dzekudzidza uye kuongorora kwake kwehuchenjeri kwakave imwe yepamusoro-shanduko yekuongorora kwepfungwa munyika. Akatsigira kutsigirwa uye kutungamirirwa kwevana vakaonekwa sevakagadzirira kuitira kuti vawedzere matarenda avo namano avo.
Asi nhaka ya Terman yakasvibiswa nechimwe chezvinhu zvinokurudzira hutsva hwekutsvakurudza kwake kwepakutanga - kutenda mukusarudza kusarudza zvimwe "zvisingadi" unhu kuburikidza nokushandiswa kweeugenics uye kusungirirwa kunokonzerwa nevaya vanonzi "vasina simba". Apo paakazobatsika kubva panzvimbo iyi yakasimba muhupenyu hwake hwekupedzisira, haana kumbosiya zvachose zvitendero zvaakanga atsigira kwenguva refu.
Kurwisana nenhaka yakaoma yaRotan kunosanganisira kuongorora mishonga yake yakawanda kumunda uye kukanganisa kwake IQ test yakanga yakaita pasi rose pamusoro pemafungiro emwoyo inotonhorera akazoita basa rake rakawanda.
"Ruoko rumwe, basa rake rakafuridzira pamusoro pezvinhu zvose zvitsva zvatinoshandisa mazuva ano kutarisana nevana vakanaka uye kuwedzera dzidzo yavo," akanyora kudaro Mitchell Leslie kuStanford Magazine . "Kune rumwe rutivi, semuongorori wezvinyorwa anonzi Minton anotaura, izvo chaizvo zvakaita kuti Terman ave masayendisiti anovhiringidzika - kushingaira, kuvimba kwake - zvakare kwakamuita kuti ave nechokwadi, asingadi kugamuchira kutsoropodza kana kuongorora maonero ake."
Mune rumwe ruzivo rwakaronga hukuru hwemagariro evanhu vezana remakore rechi20, Terman akasungwa naG. Stanley Hall pane nhamba 72.
Terman akafa musi waDecember 21, 1956.
> References
> Robinson, A, & Jolly, J. Makore Ezana Emipiro Padzidzo Yakagadzirirwa: Kujekesa Upenyu. New York: Routledge; 2013.
> Sheehy, N, Chapman, AJ, & Conroy, WA. (Eds). Lewis Terman. In Biographical Dictionary ye Psychology. New York: Routledge; 2016.