DEA Musoro Unoongorora Zvinokuvadza Zvisiri Zvisina Kuitika Pamusoro pePur
Karen Tandy, mutungamiri weU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, akaongorora zvakaipa zvakakonzerwa nevechidiki veAmerica nedzidziso dzakawanda dzakapoteredza marijuana kushandiswa mune imwe nyaya yeMarch Chief Magazine yaMarch 2005. Inodhindwa pasi apa nemvumo.
Apo Irma Perez ane makore 14 weBelmont, California, akatora imwe piritsi ye ecstasy manheru manheru apfuura munaEpril, akanga asingazivi kuti aizova mumwe wevanhu 26 000 vanofa gore negore kubva kumishonga.
Irma akawana chishamiso nevechipiri vehama dzake dzine makore 14 mumba make. Nenguva ishure mushure mekutora piritsi duku rebhuruu, Irma akanetseka nezvekunzwa kusuruvara uye akati akanzwa sokuti "aizofa."
Panzvimbo pokutsvaga kurapwa, shamwari dzake dzakadana mutengesi wemakore 17 uyo akapa mapiritsi uye akakumbira mazano. Shamwari dzakaedza kuita kuti Irma inyore mbanje, asi apo yaisakwanisa nokuti yairutsira uye yakapinda mukati mecaa, vakaisa mashizha mashizha mumuromo make nokuti, maererano nenhau dzinoti, "vaiziva kuti mishonga dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kurapa vanorwara nekenza. "
Irma Perez akafa nekutora ecstasy , asi kuwedzeredza dambudziko iro rakaipa chisarudzo chekushandisa mbanje kuti "amubate" panzvimbo yekuita izvo zvingadai zvakaita kuponesa kuponesa kusvika 911.
Irma akabatwa nehutano hwemagariro evanhu pamusoro pehupombwe - sangano rave richidavira kuti marijuana inoshandisa haisi yega sarudzo yakasununguka asiwo mushonga wakanaka, mushonga-zvose nokuda kwezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.
Kuongororwa kwechangobva kuonekwa kwakaratidza kuti vanenge vanenge vatatu vechina veAmerica vanopfuura makore makumi maviri nemakumi mashanu ekutsigirwa kutonga mbanje kuti vashandise kurapwa.
Iko kutenda kwakashambadza kune vakawanda vevechiri kuyaruka, kana izvo zvandiri kunzwa panguva yekushanyira nechekondari uye vadzidzi vekusekondari munyika yose ndezvechokwadi. Ndinoshamiswa nekunyatsoziva mukurapa kwezvinodhaka izvi vechidiki vari.
Zvakangoita sokuti vatsigiri vepamutemo vanomira kunze kwezvikoro zvavo vachibudisa mavara avo emanyepo.
Hezvino izvo vadzidzi vakanditaurira pamusoro pebambani: "Ndezvechisikiro nokuti inokura muvhu, naizvozvo inofanira kuva yakanaka kwauri." "Inofanira kuva mushonga, nokuti inondiita kuti ndinzwe zviri nani." "Sezvo munhu wose anoti mushonga, ndizvo."
Nhema: Kana iri Mishonga, Yakachengeteka
Nhepfenyuro inotsigira pachayo inotaura nezvekuti iyo inonzi chirwere chinoshandiswa pakurapa inzira yekuzadza zvinodhaka zvinodhaka. Makore mashomanana adarika, New York Times yakabvunzurudza Ethan Nadelmann, mutungamiriri we Lindesmith Center, nzvimbo yekutsvakurudza yezvinodhaka.
Kupindura kutsoropodza kuti izvo zvinonzi chirwere chinonzi marijuana inoburitsa bhiza rinotenderera remutemo, Bwana Nadelmann haana kubvumirana. "Ichakubatsira here kutungamirira kumbeu kutonga?" akabvunza. "Ndovimba kudaro."
Nyaya yembanje semishonga yakatora rudzi rwekucherechedza uye ikozvino yakaita nzira yayo kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, naAsscroft v. Raich vachiri kumirira. Kuwedzerwa kwezvakaitika zvechirevo ichi ndechokuti, kana marijuana iri mushonga, inofanirawo kuva yakachengeteka pakushandiswa kwekuvaraidza.
Chokwadi: Antidote kune Nhema
Iyi pfungwa dzakapararira dzakasvika kunyange kumatare edu. MunaJanuary 2005, somuenzaniso, Gavhuna Frank Murkowski weAlaska aifanira kukumbira bumbiro remitemo "kutonga mutongo wekutonga kuti vanhu vakawanda veAlaskans vane kodzero yekuwana mbanje kuti vashandise mumisha yavo."
Pakanga pasina kunyengera kwekushandisa kwechiremba muchirevo ichi; iyo yakapa maAlaskan kodzero yepamutemo yekusvuta mbanje nechikonzero chipi nechipi, vachikweretesa kuti vanotenda kuti marijuana haisi yakachengeteka chete kubata chirwere chakakomba asi nenzira imwechete yakachengeteka kushandiswa kwevanhu vose uye kuvanhu vose.
Chii chinonzi antidote? Kuparadzira chokwadi. America haisi kutambura chero chinhu chipi zvacho icho chokwadi chisingagoni kuporesa. Kuti ikubatsire kugadzirisa rekodhi rakananga, chikamu chino chinoda kubvisa rhetoric uye kugadzirisa zvokwadi.
- Nhema: Marijuana Is Medicine
- Nhema: Kuraira Marijuana mune dzimwe nyika Kwakabudirira
- Nhema: Marijuana Haisakoshi
- Nhema: Kusvuta Marijuana Inoshungurudza chete Vakasvuta
Masayendisiti uye vezvehutano vakafunga kuti kusvuta mbanje ndeye ngozi yeutano, kwete mushonga. Hapana humwe uchapupu hwezvokurapa hwekuti kusvuta mbanje kunobatsira varwere. Ichokwadi, iyo Chakudya neDrug Administration (FDA) yakabvumira pasina mishonga inopfungirwa, kunyanya nekuti kusvuta inzira isina kunaka yekupa mushonga.
Morphine, somuenzaniso akaratidza kuva mushonga unokosha wemishonga, asi FDA haina kubvumidza kusvuta opium kana heroin.
Congress yakagadza mitemo inopikisa mbanje muna 1970 yakagadzirirwa muchikamu chekuguma kwayo kuti mbanje haina hutano hwezvesayenzi, iyo iyo Supreme Court yeUnited States yakatsigira makore anopfuura 30 muUnited States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers 'Cooperative, et al., 532 US 483 (2001).
Marijuana inoramba iine purogiramu 1 yeChirongwa cheMutsetse Wemitemo nokuti ine simba rakakura rekushandisa zvisina kunaka, kusakwanisa kugadzirirwa kuchengetedzwa kwekushandiswa pasi pekutarisirwa kwechiremba, uye kwete ikozvino kugamuchirwa kwechiremba.
IAmerican Medical Association yakaramba zvido zvokutsigira mbanje semishonga, uye panzvimbo payo yakakurudzira kuti mariko isarambe inorambidzwa hurongwa 1 zvinodhaka kusvikira zvigumisiro zveongororo dzakarongedzwa dziripo.
I National Multiple Sclerosis Society yakataura kuti zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kusvika musi "hazvina kupa uchapupu hunogutsa hwokuti marijuana inobatsira vanhu vane MS" uye haitauri iyo semishonga.
Uyezve, MS Society inotaura kuti vanhu vane MS "kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemuchu kunogona kusanganiswa nemigumisiro yakakomba yakakomba."
Bretan Medical Association yakatora nzvimbo yakafanana, ichitaura kuti "kunyanya kunetseka" kunoderedza hutachiona hwehupombwe hwemhondi "huzokanganisa" vanhu kuti vafunge kuti mishonga yakachengeteka kushandiswa apo, "chaizvoizvo, yakabatanidzwa kune ngozi huru chirwere chepfungwa, kenza yemapapu, bronchitis, uye emphysema. "
Kusvuta Kunokuvadza
Muna 1999, Institute of Medicine (IOM) yakagadzirisa chiitiko chekuongorora zviitiko zvinonzi chiremba marijuana. Vatsigiri vezvinonzi marijuana vezvechirwere vanowanzotora zvose izvi zvidzidzo, asi zvidzidzo zvekutsvaga zvakagadziriswa zvinopesana nharo dzavo.
Muzvokwadi, IOM yakanyatsoona kuti marijuana haisi mushonga uye yakaratidza kunetseka pamusoro pevarwere kusvuta iyo nokuti kusvuta inokuvadza zvinodhaka-kutakura.
IOM inowanikwa zvakare kuti kwakanga kusina uchapupu hwezvesayenzi hwekuti kusvuta mbanje kwaiva nehutano hwehutano, kunyange kune avo vanorwara nokusingaperi, uye vakagumisa kuti "pane ramangwana redu mune tsvina inoputa semishonga inogamuchirwa nemishonga."
Kutaura zvazviri, vatsvakurudzi vanoita chidzidzo havagoni kuwana hutano hwehupombwe kumuchu kunenge chero chirwere chipi nechipi chavanenge vaongorora, kusanganisira kurapwa kwekurwisa chirwere mune varwere veAIDS, zvinetso zvekufambisa zvakadai sePasinson's disease uye epilepsy, kana glaucoma.
Kununura Kwenguva Isipi
IOM yakawana kuti THC (iyo inonzi primary psychoactive ingredient mumuchu) inoputa tsvina inongopa zororo zvenguva pfupi kubva mumagariro evanhu (IOP) anosangana ne glaucoma uye inofanira kunge inopfungirwa masere kusvika 10 pazuva kuti iwane migumisiro yakazara.
Uye kune humwe hutano hweIOP, sezvo kuwanikwa kwemishonga inogamuchirwa kamwechete-kana kuti kaviri-a-zuva mashizha eziso anoita IOP kudzora chechokwadi kune varwere vakawanda uye inopa kukomberedza-I-clock IOP kuderedza.
Kune mamwe maitiro maviri, kushungurudzika uye kurwadziwa, mushumo unorayirwa kurwisa kushandiswa kwemucho, asi uchiratidza kuongorora kwakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kukwana kweTV asi kwete kusvuta mbanje.
Pamberi pemishonga chero ipi zvayo inogona kutengeswa muUnited States, inofanira kuongorora zvakanyanya svesayenzi uye kuchipatara kuongororwa neCDA. Semuenzaniso, FDA yakagamuchira Marinol (dronabinol) -kuchengetedzwa kwepissupi yakachengetedzwa yeCCTC inosangana nemirairo yemishonga inogamuchirwa uye ine mhando imwechete iyo yakarima marijuana isina yakakwirira-yekurapa kushungurudza uye kurutsa kunobatwa nekenza chemotherapy uye nokuda kwekurapa kuparadza syndrome muAIDS varwere.
Mubati Wemukati Haugamuchirwi
DEA yakanyoresa vatsvakurudzi vose vanoona mitemo yeDAA yekushandisa mbanje mune zvidzidzo zvezesayenzi. Kubvira muna 2000, somuenzaniso, California-based Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR) yakagamuchirwa mamiedzo 14 achishandisa kusvuta mbanje mumunhu uye miedzo mitatu mumabharitori uye mhuka.
Uku kutsvakurudza kwe CMCR ndiyo yekutanga kuedza kurapwa kwehupombwe. Asi vatsvakurudzi havana kubvumidza kusvuta mbanje uye panzvimbo iyi vari kuedza kuparadzanisa mbanje inoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa pakuvandudza dzimwe nzira dzekutakura kusvuta. Hapana mumwe wevatsvakurudzi vakawana huchapupu hwezvesayenzi hwokuti kusvuta mbanje mushonga.
Mumakore gumi akapfuura, mutemo wezvinodhaka kune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya avo vari muEurope, wapfuura nedzimwe shanduko dzinoshamisa kumusununguko hukuru nemigumisiro yakakundikana. Chimbofunga zvakaitika kuneNetherlands, apo hurumende yakaongorora zvakare zvinyorwa zvayo zvepamutemo zvichienderana neruzivo rwenyika iyoyo.
Mushure mokushandiswa kwebambani kwakave mutemo, kushandiswa kwakapetwa katatu pakati pemakore 18 kusvika kune makumi maviri.
Sekuziva nezvekukuvadza kwechigamba kwakakura, nhamba yemafuta emabiko eNetherlands yakaderera 36 muzana mumakore matanhatu.
Munenge misha yose yedhidha yeDutch ine hurongwa hwekudya, uye 73 kubva muzana yavo ine mvumo yekuregerera kune mafiropu.
Muna 1987 vakuru veSwitzerland vakabvumira kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka uye kutengesa muZurich park, iyo yakakurumidza kunzi Needle Park, uye Switzerland yakava maginiti evashandisi vezvinodhaka munyika yose. Mumakore mashanu, nhamba yevashandisi vezvinodhaka nguva dzose muPaki yakanga ichitaura zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kumazana mashoma kusvika 20,000.
Nharaunda yakapoteredza paki yakave nemhosva-yakazara kusvika pakatarisa kuti paki yaifanira kuvharwa uye kuedza kwakaguma.
Kusvuta Kunowedzera Kuwedzera Kwevamwe Vechiduku
Marijuana inoshandiswa nevechidiki veCanada iri pamakore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe mushure mekutsvaga kwechisimba chekunyengera. Panguva chaiyo kubhadhara mari yaive pamberi peImba yeMitambo, hurumende yeCanada yakabudisa mushumo unoratidza kuti mbanje inopfungaira pakati pevechiri kuyaruka "pamatanho atakange tisina kuona kubvira kuma1900 ekupedzisira apo mitengo yakazosvika pakakwirira."
Mushure mekupera kukuru muma1980, marijuana inoshandiswa pakati pevechiri kuyaruka yakawedzerwa mukati mema1990, sezvo vechidiki vakave "vakavhiringidzika pamusoro pehurumende yemitemo yemvura."
Kushandisa mbanje kune utano husina kunaka, kuchengeteka, hutano, dzidzo, hupfumi, nemitemo yekuzvibata; uye vana ndivo vanonyanya kutarisana nemigumisiro yaro inokuvadza. Marijuana ndiyo yakanyanya kushandiswa zvinodhaka zvisina kuwanikwa muAmerica uye inowanika nyore kune vana.
Kuwedzeredza dambudziko nderokuti marijuana nhasi haisi mbanje yevana vana makore makumi matatu apfuura.
Avhareji yeHT levels yakasimuka kubva pasi pe1 muzana mukati me1970 kusvika kune 8 kubva muzana muna 2004. Uye simba reBBC Bud, rudzi rwakakurumbira rwebambani rwakarimwa muBritain Columbia, Canada, rinowanzoita kaviri kubva kune rimwe nyika 15 muzana THC inogutsikana kusvika 20 muzana kana kunyange yakakwirira.
Marijuana inoshandiswa inogona kutungamirira kune kuvimba uye kushungurudzwa. Marijuana yaiva yechipiri yakanyanya kufanana nemishonga isina kuvhiringidza inobatwa nemishonga yekurapwa kwemishonga muna 2002-outdistancing crack cocaine, iyo inotevera inowanzokonzera chikonzero.
Kuvhiringidza kune vakawanda ndezvekuti vaduku vakawanda vari kurapwa gore roga roga nokuda kwekuchengetedza mbanje kudarika doro nedzimwe mimwe zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo zvakabatana. Ichi chiitiko chave chichiwedzera kwemakore anopfuura gumi: muna 2002, 64 muzana yevechiri kuyaruka kuporesa kunyoresa kuti marijuana ndiyo chinhu chikuru chekushandisa zvinodhaka, zvichienzaniswa ne23 muzana muna 1992.
Gateway Drug
Marijuana inopindwa nemasuo. Mukushandisa kwemitemo yezvinodhaka, kazhinji hatinosangana heroin kana cocaine vanodhakwa vasingatangi kushandisa kwavo zvinodhaka nemuchu .
Ongororo dzesayenzi dzinobudisa zvatinowana kare.
Semuenzaniso, Journal of the American Medical Association yakashuma, zvichibva pakutsvakurudza mazana matatu emawere, kuti marijuana-kushandiswa mapatya kwakapetwa kachina kupfuura vana vavana vavo kushandisa cocaine uye crack cocaine , uye kaviri kanowanzoshandisa hallucinogens dzakadai seLSD.
Uyezve, mudiki munhu paanotanga kushandisa mbanje, munhu iyeye anofanira kushandisa cocaine uye heroin uye anozoshandisa zvinodhaka semunhu mukuru. Chimwe chidzidzo chakawana kuti 62 kubva muzana yevanhu vakuru avo vakatanga kuedza mbanje vasati vava nemakore 15 vangangodaro vachishandisa cocaine. Kusiyana neizvi, inongova nezana chete kubva muzana yevanhu vakuru vasina kumboedza mbanje yakashandisa heroin kana cocaine.
Zvinonyanya kukosha Matambudziko Ehutano
Kusvuta marijuana kunogona kukonzera matambudziko makuru ehutano. Marijuana ine makemikari anopfuura 400, ayo makumi matanhatu nemakumi mashanu ari manainino. Kusvuta mbanje inotapira kazhinji kusvika katatu pane tar mumapapu pane imwe fodya yakasviwa fodya.
Nemhaka yeizvi, kugara vachiputa vachiputika vanotambura nematambudziko akawanda ehutano akafanana nevanoputa fodya, vakadai sekukanganiswa nekusingaperi uye kuputika, chifukidzo chechipfuva, uye chisingagumi chinonzi bronchitis. Kutaura zvazviri, zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kusvuta zvikamu zvitatu kusvika kune zvina pazuva zvinokonzera kushungurudzwa kwakawandisa kumhepo yekufema sekusvuta faira yakazara yefodya zuva rega rega.
Utsi hwemarijuana hunewo 50 kusvika ku70 muzana hutachiona hwecarcinogenic kupfuura utsi hwehupfu uye hunobudisa huwandu hwakawanda hweyerosiki inotendesa mamwe hydrocarbon mumasero akaipa.
Mental Health Problems
Mukuwedzera, kusvuta mbanje kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kuzvidya mwoyo, kutya kunetseka , kuora mwoyo, kusununguka kwevanhu, uye mamwe matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa , zvikurukuru kune vechidiki. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti vana vane makore 12 kusvika ku17 vanosvuta mbanje vhiki yega yega vanowanzoita katatu kupfuura vasiri vanoita zvekuzviuraya.
Marijuana inoshandisawo inogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwepfungwa , kusanganisira yakadaro kwenguva pfupi zvinokanganisa sokuona kusinganzwisisi, kukanganwa kwepfungwa, uye dambudziko nekufunga nekugadzirisa matambudziko. Vadzidzi vane giredhi yepamusoro yeD kana pasi vakawanika kuva kanopfuura kaviri inogona kunge yakashandisa mbanje mugore rapfuura sevechiduku vakazivisa bhijirini yeA.
Kune vechidiki, vane uropi huri kuwedzera, izvi zvinokonzera zvinetso zvakanyanya uye zvinowedzera kukwanisa kwavo kwekuzadzisa zvakakwana.
Tinofanira kuisa kuti tibate pfungwa yokuti kune chinhu chakadai semunhu mumwe chete wezvinodhaka, munhu ane maitiro anongobatsira oga. Kushandisa zvinodhaka, kusanganisira mbanje kushandisa, hakusi mhosva isina mhosva. Mamwe mharaunda inogona kuramba kusabatanidzwa nokuti vanofunga kuti mumwe munhu anoshandiswa kushandisa zvinodhaka hakuvakuvadzi.
Asi rudzi urwu rwe-kwete-yangu-dambudziko kufunga hakunzwisisiki.
Bvunza vanhu ivavo nezvehusi hwehutu hunobva kune fodya, uye ivo vachakurumidzira kubvuma kukuvadzwa kunoitwa nevasingatauri. Utsi hwechipiri hunosangana nechinetso chinonyanyozivikanwa, icho vanhu veAmerica vari kuramba vachida kutakura. Tinofanira kushandisa izwi rimwechete-pfungwa kufungidzira kune zvakanyanya zvinokanganisa zvinokonzera kushandiswa kwemishonga.
Tora somuenzaniso zvinokonzera zvinokonzera mbanje kusvuta pakutyaira. Sangano reNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) rakati, "Dambudziko reEpidemiology rinobva ... uye kushungurudzwa kwemigwagwa rinoratidza kuti mushure mekudhakwa, marijuana ndiyo inowanzoonekwa inoshandiswa mupfungwa mukati mekutyaira vanhu."
Marijuana inokonzera vatyairi kuti vaone kumira kwemotokari kugadzirisa kushanda, kuwedzerwa nguva yekuita, kushandura nguva uye kuyerwa kwemafambi, kubata, kushaya simba kwemotokari, nekushaiwa kwekutengesa.
Kutyaira Kunyange Uchiremera
Kuwanda kwechinetso chekushaya gorosi-kusina simba kunotyisa .
Mumwe wevadzidzi vatanhatu (kana 600 000) kuchikoro chesekondari vanofambisa pasi pesimba rembanje, inenge yakawanda semotokari pasi pesimba doro, maererano nekufungidzira kwakabudiswa munaSeptember 2003 neHofisi yeNational Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). Kuongorora kwevatyairi vakatengesa kuendesa mberi kwekutyaira kwakaratidza kuti, pakati peavo vakanga vasingagoni kudhakwa nedoro, 45 muzana vakaidza zvakanaka marijuju.
Avo vanofamba mumugwagwa nemigwagwa, vanoziva kuti migumisiro yekutyaira kwepabonde-kusagadzikana kunogona kuva nhamo. Semuenzaniso, vana vana uye vanotyairi vavo vanonzi Smokey nevana nokuda kwebasa rake rekutsvuta-vachipera muna April 2002 apo Tippy Toes Learning Academy vakabuda pamba uye vakabaya bridge british. Akawanikwa panzvimbo yekuputika nemuchu muhomwe yake.
Innocents Vakaurayiwa
Vamwe vakadaro vanodhayisa zvinodhaka vachaonekwa kuburikidza neDrug Recognition Expert program, inoshanda pasi pekutungamirirwa kweIACP uye inotsigirwa neHNTSA. Zvisinei, kana isu tichida kukurudzira mhaka kune vanodhakwa zvinodhaka, kudzivirirwa kwakanyanya kune vasina mhosva mumugwagwa kunoda kuve nekugadzirwa kwepamigwagwa inotengesa mishonga yekuongorora mishonga, uye vamwe vari muchikamu chekuedza ikozvino.
Kusvuta kushandiswa kwechipiri kubva mumucheka kunouraya vamwe vasina mhosva pamwe chete. Gore rapera, vaviri veFiladelphia vanopisa moto vakaurawa pavakapindura mumoto wekugara unobva kumuchengamire wemukati kukura. MuNew York City, mukomana ane makore masere, Guta reDeasean, akaurayiwa nenhomba yakashata kubva kumusha wake weBrooklyn mushure mekunge mutengesi wezvinodhaka akatengesa chikwata chemucheka chembanje kune mumwe mutengesi.