Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora kwepfungwa uye mufambiro kunogona kunge iri nyaya yekare kana nguva, pfungwa dzepfungwa dzisina kumbogara dzichiita sezvazviri nhasi. Nyanzvi nyanzvi dzinofunga nezvekufunga kwepfungwa pachayo chirango chiduku. Saka nguva yepfungwa yakatanga sei kubuda senayenzi?
Psychology pakutanga yaive nemidzi yakatanga mufilosofi uye physiology. Maererano nevakawanda vezvakaitika kare vanoongorora nezvepfungwa, kwakange kuri kusikwa kwebhuku rekutanga rekuongorora kwepfungwa yepamusoro iro rakaratidza kuti zvakatanga kushandiswa kwepfungwa sekusiyana uye kururamisa.
Ndeipi chaiyo yaive yekutanga yekuongorora nezvepfungwa uye ndiani aive nemhosva yechiitiko ichi chinokosha munhau yepfungwa? Mubvunzo webasa raiwanika pakutanga rinotsamira chaizvo kana tikatarisa mairabhu ekuedza kana kudzidzisa mabhiza. Zvinogona kuonekwa semusana muduku, asi kwaive kuumbwa kwebasa rokutanga rakazvidzidzira kuongororwa kwekuongorora kwepfungwa iyo yakanyatsoisa pfungwa dzepfungwa mumugwagwa wayo sechikoro uye senzuro chirango.
Bhuku rekutanga rePeople Psychology Lab
Wilhelm Wundt , chiremba wechiGermany uye chiremba wepfungwa, aiva nebasa rekusika nyika yekutanga yekuongorora kwepfungwa yepfungwa. Bhuku iri rakagadzwa muna 1879 paYunivhesiti reLeipzig muGermany. Nokuumba bhizinesi rezvidzidzo rakagadzirirwa kuongororwa kwepfungwa dzekuongorora, Wundt zvakarongedza kutora pfungwa dzepfungwa kubva pakudzora kwefilosofi uye biology kusvika kune imwe yeruzivo yakasayenzi yakasiyana.
Nemhaka yebasa rinokosha iro Wundt akaraira munhau dzepfungwa, anowanzoonekwa se "baba vepfungwa."
Wundt aiva nemasimba makuru pamapfungwa epakutanga uye akasiyira chiratidzo pane vamwe vevadzidzi vake vakakurumbira vaisanganisira James McKeen Cattell naG. Stanley Hall . Mukuwedzera pakuve munhu anokosha munhau yepfungwa, vadzidzi vazhinji vakadzidziswa mubasa rake uye vakaramba vachiita zvipo zvavo zvakakosha mumunda wepfungwa.
Bhuku rekutanga rePey Psychology muUnited States
Muna 1883, mudzidzi weWundt G. Stanley Hall akaumba mabhuku ekutanga ekuongorora masayendisiti muUnited States paJohn Hopkins University. Izvi zvakabatsira kutsigira kuumbwa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa muUnited States uye zvakabatanidzwa pakuwedzera kukura kwemunda.
Wundt, James uye Hall: Ndiani Aiva Wokutanga?
Zvinogona kushamisa vazhinji kudzidza kuti hakuna Wundt kana Horo inogona kungotaura chete kuti ine yekutanga yebazi kana yekutanga yebazi reAmerica. Muna 1875, makore mana azere Wundt asati atanga mabhii ake uye makore masere Holo isati yasimbiswa, Williams James akaita bhuku repfungwa panyaya yeHarvard University.
Saka sei James asina kufungidzirwa nekusika bhareti yekutanga yepasi, kana kuti zvishoma, America yekutanga yebazi? Nokuti labori yake yakashandiswa pakudzidzisa zviratidzo panzvimbo yekuedza uye kutsvakurudza kwepakutanga. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, Wundt neHoro zvinowanzodudzwa kuburikidza nekusika yekutanga uye yechipiri yekuongorora masayenzi epfungwa.
Saka nei kuumbwa kwebhuku rekutanga repfungwa dzepfungwa rose richikosha zvakadaro? Nokuti zvisati zvaitika nguva ino, pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakanga dzichiri mucheche uye dzisati dzaonekwa sechirango chakasiyana pachavo pachavo. Nokugadzira chirongwa chekuedza chakashandurwa pakuongorora kwesayenzi kwepfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro evanhu, Wundt akakwanisa kuumba maitiro epfungwa semunhu akazvidzidza mundima yekudzidza.
Shoko Rinobva
Mafungiro ezuva ranhasi akasiyana zvakanyanya nematangiro ayo akaenzana zvishoma mubazi reWundt. Kunyange zvazvo iyi yokutanga yepfungwa yepfungwa yakangove isina kufanana nezvakawanda zvemazuva ano, kuronga kwepakutanga kwakabatsira kusimbisa nzira yeramangwana repfungwa.
Nokutora nzira yesayenzi yekudzidza kwepfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro evanhu, Hazvirevi mabhii akaumbwa kwepfungwa semasayeri akaparadzaniswa uye akasiyana kubva munharaunda yefilosofi uye biology. Bhuku reWundt rakashandiswawo kubatsira vamwe vanodzidza nezvepfungwa avo vakaramba vachibatsira kupararira kwepfungwa mupasi rose. Munguva pfupi, mamwe mabhiza akatanga kutarisa kunze kweGermany uye United States, kusanganisira psych labor muRussia, China, France, uye Canada.
References
Boring, EG, (1960). A History of Experimental Psychology 2nd Ed. Englewood-Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Bringmann, WG, Balance WD, & Evans RB (1975). Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920: Chidimbu chinyorwa chezvinyorwa. Zvinyorwa zveNhoroondo yeBhizinesi Sciences, 11 (3), 287-97.
> Shiraev, ER. A History of Psychology: A Global Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Mabhuku; 2015.