A Tarisa Upenyu Nehupenyu hwaWilhelm Wundt
Ndiani anoonekwa sebaba vepfungwa? Mubvunzo uyu hausiwo une mhinduro yakaoma-uye-yakaoma sezvo vanhu vakawanda vakazvipira pakuvamba, kusimuka, nekushanduka kwezuva ranhasi rekupfungwa kwepfungwa. Tichaongorora zvakanyanya kune munhu mumwe chete anowanzotaurwa nezvimwewo vanhu vanoonekwawo sebaba vemapazi akasiyana-siyana epfungwa .
Baba Vemazuva Ano Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt ndiye murume anowanzozivikanwa sababa vepfungwa. Nei Wundt? Vamwe vanhu vakadai saHermann von Helmholtz, Gustav Fechner, naErnst Weber vakabatanidzwa mukutsvakurudza kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzepasayenzi, saka sei vasingazivi kuti ndivo baba vepfungwa?
Wundt anopiwa izvi zvakasiyana pamusana pekuumbwa kwake kwenyika yekutanga yekuongorora kwepfungwa dzepfungwa , iyo inowanzozivikanwa seyokutanga kwepfungwa yepfungwa sekusayenzi yakasiyana uye yakasiyana. Nokugadzira tepi iyo inoshandiswa nzira dzezvesayenzi yekudzidza pfungwa dzevanhu nemufambiro, Wundt akatora psychology kubva musanganiswa hwefilosofi uye biology ndokuita kuti ive nzvimbo yakasiyana yekudzidza.
Mukuwedzera pakuita kuti psychology isayenzi yakasiyana, Wundt aivewo nevadzidzi vanoverengeka avo vakazove vane maitiro epfungwa dzepfungwa ivo pachavo. Edward B. Titchener aiva nebasa rekugadza chikoro chekufunga chakazivikanwa sechirongwa, James McKeen Cattell akazova purofesa wekutanga wepfungwa muUnited States, uye G. Stanley Hall akatanga chirongwa chekutanga chekuongorora masayendisiti muU.S.
Waiva Wilhelm Wundt? Bhuku Rakajeka reUpenyu Hwake
Wilhelm Wundt akanga ari muGermany wepfungwa dzekuGermany uyo akatanga sangano rekutanga rezvepfungwa yepfungwa muLeipzig, Germany muna 1879. Chiitiko ichi chinonyanya kuzivikanwa sechimiro chekugadzirwa kwepfungwa seasayenzi yakasiyana nehupenyu nehuzivi.
Pakati pezvisikwa zvake zvizhinji, Wundt ndiye munhu wokutanga kuzvitaura semunhu wepfungwa .
Anowanzobatanidzwa nechikoro chekufunga chinonzi structuralism, kunyange zvazvo ari mudzidzi wake Edward B. Titchener uyo ainyatsoita basa rokugadzira chikoro ichocho chepfungwa. Wundt akaumbawo imwe nzira yekutsvakurudza inozivikanwa sekuspection , umo vatariri vadzidzisi vakadzidza vaizoverenga uye vagovaudza zvavanenge vachifunga.
Basa raWilhelm Wundt mu Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt akapedza kudzidza kubva kuYunivhesiti yeHeidelberg ane chiremba murapi. Akaenderera mberi achidzidza kwenguva pfupi naJohannes Muller uye gare gare naine firikistist Hermann von Helmholtz. Basa raWundt nevanhu ava vaviri rinofungidzirwa kuti rakanyanyisa basa rake rakazotevera mukuongorora kwepfungwa.
Wundt akazonyora Mazano ePhysical Psychology (1874), iyo yakabatsira kusimbisa nzira dzekuedza mukutsvakurudza kwepfungwa. Mushure mekutora chigaro paYunivhesiti yeLiepzig, Wundt akatanga nheyo yekutanga yekuongorora kwema-psychology mabhiza aripo panguva iyoyo. Kunyange zvazvo chetatu chekare chakanga chiripo- William James akagadzira labhi paHarvard, iyo yaive yakanyanya kupa kupa dzidziso pane kuratidza. G. Stanley Hall akatanga nheyo yekutanga yekuAmerica yekuongorora kwepfungwa paJohn Hopkins University.
Wundt inowanzobatanidzwa neanoratidzirwa maonero anozivikanwa sekuti structuralism, iyo inosanganisira kurondedzera zvivako zvinoumba pfungwa. Chimiro chechimiro chinoonekwa sechikoro chekutanga chekufunga mupfungwa . Akatenda kuti psychology yaiva yesayenzi yezviitiko zvekuziva uye kuti vateereri vakadzidziswa vanogona kunyatsorondedzera mafungiro, manzwiro, uye manzwiro kuburikidza nehutano hunonzi introspection.
Zvisinei, Wundt akaita zvakajeka pakati pekutaura , izvo aifunga kuti zvakanga zvisina kururama, uye mukati maonero. Maererano neWundt, kunzwisisa kwemukati kunobatanidza munhu anoona zvakanyatsodzidziswa uyo aiziva apo chikonzero chekufarira chakatangwa.
Basa reWundt raida kuti munhu anocherechedza ave akanyatsoziva uye anoteerera mafungiro avo uye kugadzirisa kune zvinokurudzira uye zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvakawanda zvekukurudzira. Zvechokwadi, nokuti izvi zvinoshandiswa patsva mukududzira kwega, zvinonyanya kuzviisa pasi. Wundt aidavira kuti nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana nemamiriro ezvinhu ekuedza dzaizoita kuti zvive pachena zvekucherechedza.
Kunyange zvazvo Wundt inowanzobatanidzwa nechimiro , yakanga iri mudzidzi wake Edward B. Titchener uyo akakurudzira chikoro chekugadzirisa maitiro muAmerica. Vanyori venhau dzakawanda vanodavira kuti Titchener akanyatsotaura zvisingaiti zvepfungwa dzepakutanga dzeWundt. Pane kudaro, Wundt akataura nezvemaonero ake sekuzvipira. Kunyange zvazvo Tichener's structuralism inosanganisira kuputsa zvinyorwa kuti zvidzidze chimiro chepfungwa, Blumenthal (1979) akacherechedza kuti nzira yaWundt yakanga iri yakawanda zvikuru.
Wundt akagadzirawo nyanzvi yemapepanhau nyanzvi Philosophical Studies . Mune gore ra2002 revanhu vane masimba makuru epfungwa dzezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, Wundt akaverengwa pane nhamba 93.
Simba raWilhelm Wundt
Kusika kwebhuku repfungwa rakagadzirisa pfungwa dzepfungwa semunda wakasiyana wekudzidza nemhando dzayo uye mibvunzo. Rutsigiro rwaWilhelm Wundt rwekuongorora kwepfungwa dzinoisawo danho rekuita hutsika uye nzira dzakawanda dzekuedza kwake dzinoshandiswa nhasi.
Wundt aivewo nevadzidzi vakawanda avo vakazotevera vakave vanozivikanwa mupfungwa dzepfungwa, kusanganisira Edward Titchener, James McKeen Cattell , Charles Spearman, G. Stanley Hall , Charles Judd, naHugo Munsterberg .
Mamwe Mafungiro Uyewo Anofungidzirwa "Vanababa vePfungwa"
Vamwe vanoverengeka vanofunga vanogonawo kutaura kuti "vanababa vepfungwa" neimwe nzira kana imwe. Zvinotevera ndezvishoma chete zvevanhu ava vanozivikanwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepfungwa:
- William James : Baba veAmerica Psychology; akabatsira kusimbisa pfungwa dzepfungwa muU.S. uye bhuku rake, The Principles of Psychology , yakava yemazuva mashoma.
- Sigmund Freud: Baba vePsychoanalysis; zvidzidzo zvake uye basa rakagadzirisa pfungwa dzepfungwa sechikoro chikuru chekufunga mupfungwa.
- Hugo Münsterberg : The Father of Applied Psychology; iye akanga ari piyona wepakutanga wezviverengero zvakashandiswa zvakadai kusanganisira kliniki, forensic uye indasitiri-masangano epfungwa .
- John Bowlby : Baba Vechibatanidza Chidzidzo; iye akatanga chirevo chekubatanidza.
- Kurt Lewin : Baba veSocial Psychology; basa rake rakapayona kushandiswa kwesayenzi nzira yekudzidza maitiro evanhu.
- Edward Thorndike : Baba Vemazuva Ano Educational Psychology; kutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pechirongwa chekudzidza kwakabatsira kusimbisa nheyo yepfungwa dzepfungwa.
- Jean Piaget : Baba Vekuvandudza Masayendisiti; nyanzvi yake yekuvandudza njere dzakagadzirisa kuti kutsvakurudza kwakafungei pamusoro pekukura kwevana.
- Ulric Neisser: Baba Vemazuva Ano Mafungiro ePfungwa; ruzivo rwekufungisisa mune zvepfungwa rwakagamuchira kukurudzira kukuru kubva pakabudiswa bhuku rake ra1967, Cognitive Psychology .
- Lightner Witmer: Baba Vemazuva Ano Kurapa Kwepamweya; iye akatanga nhau yekutanga yenyika yakagadzirirwa kuchipatara chepfungwa, The Psychological Clinic , muna 1907.
- Gordon Allport : Baba veMunhu Psychology; iye aiva mumwe wevadzidzi vekufunga kwepfungwa kutanga kudzidza unhu.
Shoko Rinobva
Wundt akanga asiri iye chete munhu wokutanga kuzvitaura semunhu wepfungwa, akaisawo pfungwa dzepfungwa sechirango chakanaka chakasiyana nefilosofi uye biology. Kunyange zvazvo nzira yake yekutsanangurira isingasviki mukururama kwekutsvakurudza nhasi, kusimbisa kwake nzira dzekuedza kwakaita kuti pave neramangwana rekuongorora kwepfungwa. Kutenda nebasa rake nemipiro, munda wose mutsva wakagadzwa uye wakafuridzira vamwe vatsvakurudzi kuti vaongorore uye vadzidze pfungwa nemafungiro evanhu.
Zviri pachena kuti havasi vose vanozobvumirana nemazita aya akazara. Vanhu vashomanana vangave vakaratidza kuti Freud ndiye baba vepfungwa sezvo iye zvichida ari mumwe wemashizha ayo "anozivikanwa". Vamwe vanogona kuratidza kuti Aristotle ndiye baba chaiye wepfungwa, sezvo iye ari kukonzera dzidziso uye mafirosofi zvakabatanidzwa pakutanga kwepfungwa yepfungwa. Vamwewo vanogona kukakavadzana kuti avo vatsvakurudzi vekare vakadai seHelholholtz naFechner vakafanirwa kubhadharwa sevadzidzisi vepfungwa.
Hazvina mhosva kuti rutivi rwupi rwenharo iwe uripo, chinhu chimwe chiri nyore kuwirirana pamusoro apa ndechokuti vose ava vanhu vane simba rinokosha pakukura nekukura kwepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvevanhu mumwe nomumwe hazvisi izvo zvinove zvine simba mazuva ano, vose ava vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanokosha munguva yavo uye vakave nemigumisiro yakakura pakugadzirisa kwepfungwa mune izvo zviri nhasi.
> Sources:
> Hergenhahn, BR & Henley, T. An Nhoroondo yeNhoroondo yePsychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Kudzidza; 2014.
> Rieber, RW (ed). Wilhelm Wundt uye Kuitwa kweScientific Psychology. New York: Plenum Press; 2013.
> Wertheimer, M. A Nhoroondo Yepfupi yeMapfungwa. New York: Psychology Press; 2012.