Nzira Iyo Ubongo Hwakakurukura Pakati Penguva Yokuberekwa
Nepo iwe ungafunga nezvokukura kwevana sechinhu chinotanga pahucheche, nguva yekuberekwa inoonekwawo sechikamu chinokosha chekugadzira. Kukura kwepabonde inguva yekuchinja kunoshamisa kunobatsira kutanga danho rekuvandudza kwepfungwa mupamangwana. Uropi hunotangira nguva yekutora nguva, asi hucharamba huchishanda kuburikidza nekushanduka kwakawanda mukati memakore ekutanga ehucheche
Ngatinyatsoongororai matanho makuru uye zviitiko zvinenge zvichiitika munguva yekusununguka kwekukura. Iyo nzira yekukura kwepabonde inowanikwa mumatanho matatu makuru.
Mavhiki maviri ekutanga mushure mekuberekwa kunozivikanwa sembeu yembeu, yechitatu kuburikidza nevhiki yechisere inozivikanwa seyam embryonic period, uye nguva kubva pavhiki yepfumbamwe kusvikira pakaberekwa inozivikanwa seyo fetal period.
Germinal Stage
Mhando yembeu inotanga pakuberekwa apo chirume neiyo masero zvinobatanidza mune imwe yeiyo fallopian tubes. Iza rinoberekwa, rinozivikanwa se zygote, zvino rinofamba kuenda kumimba, rwendo runogona kutora kusvika kwevhiki kuzopedza. Kupatsana kwemajeri kunotangira maawa anenge 24 kusvika ku 36 mushure mekuberekwa.
Mumaawa maawa mashomanana mushure mokumbwa pamuviri, zygote imwechete-yakavhara inotanga kufamba rwendo rwechidiki pasi pechetoripian tube kusvika mubereki iyo inotanga kushandiswa kwemajeri ekuparadzanisa nekukura. Nenzira ye mitosis, zygote yekutanga inoparadzana mumasero maviri, zvino kusvika mune mana, masere, gumi nematanhatu, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Nhamba inokosha ye zygotes haifambi mberi mberi kwechikamu chekutanga chemajeri akaparadzana, uye vakawanda sehafu ye zygote yose inopera masvondo maviri.
Apo imwechete-masero-masere akawanikwa, masero anotanga kusiyanisa uye kutora pane humwe hutano huchasarudza rudzi rwemasero avo vachazopedzisira ava.
Sezvo masero achiwedzera, achaparadzanisawo mumasanhu maviri akasiyana: masero ekunze anozopedzisira aine placenta apo masero emukati achaumba embryo.
Kupatsanurwa kwemajeri kunoenderera mberi nokukurumidza uye masero anobva akura mune izvo zvinozivikanwa se blastocyst. Blastocyst yakaumbwa nematatu matatu:
- I ectoderm (iyo ichava ganda uye nervous system)
- The endoderm (iyo ichava iyo yekudya uye yekufema)
- I-mesoderm (iyo ichava mutsara uye maronda matsotsi).
Pakupedzisira, blastocyst inosvika pachiberekero uye yakabatanidzwa kurusvingo rweUterine, chirongwa chinozivikanwa sekusimudzirwa.
Kushandiswa kunowanikwa apo masero ari mudenga muuterine yakagadzika uye kupera midzi midzi yeropa. Izvo zvinobatanidza webhu remitsipa yeropa nemakumbo zvakasangana pakati pavo zvichapa zvokudya zvekuvandudzika kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe inotevera. Kumiswa hakusi nguva dzose uye inogadzirisa moto.
Vatsvakurudzi vanofungidzira kuti inenge 60 kubva muzana yemafungiro ose ezvisikwa haamboiti zvakanyatsokonzerwa mumubereki, izvo zvinoguma noupenyu hutsva hunopera musati amai vaziva kuti ane pamuviri.
Kana kuiswa kwekubudirira kuchibudirira, kuchinja kwehomoni kunomisa mukadzi kuti aende kumwedzi uye anokonzera kuchinja kwemuviri.
Kune vamwe vakadzi, mabasa avo vaimbova nawo zvakadai sokusvuta uye kunwa doro kana kofi zvinogona kuva zvishoma zvisingatauriki, zvichida chikamu chenzira yekuchengetedza hupenyu huri mukati maro.
Embryonic Stage
Panguva ino, uwandu hwemasero zvino hunozivikanwa sehunza. Kutanga kwevhiki rechitatu mushure mokuberekwa kunotanga kutanga kwemu embryonic period, nguva apo masero emasero anova akasiyana sevanhu. Ichinyorwa chemu embryonic chinoita basa rinokosha pakuvandudza kweuropi.
Mucheche anotanga kugovana muzvikamu zvitatu chimwe nechimwe chichava muviri unokosha wehutano. Anenge mazuva makumi maviri nemaviri mushure mokuberekwa, neural tube forms.
Iyi tube inozopedzisira yave inova pakati penheyo system inosanganisira spinal cord uye uropi.
Ikoji inotanga kuumbwa pamwe chete nenzvimbo inozivikanwa setipa neural. Zvokutanga zviratidzo zvekuvandudza kwe-neural tube ndiko kubuda kwemashure maviri anoumbwa kune rumwe rutivi rwechigaro chetsva. Pamazuva mashomanana anotevera, mamwe mapuranga akaita mairi uye mukati mukati kusvikira tube yakadzika yakaumbwa. Kana kambani iyi ipurasitiki yakazara zvakakwana, masero anotanga kuumba pedyo nepakati. Iyo tube inotanga kupfigira uye chimiro chevhupi vesicles. Izvi zvipfeko zvichapedzisira zvikava zvikamu zvehuropi kusanganisira zvivako zve forebrain, midbrain, uye hindbrain.
Munenge vhiki yechina, musoro unotanga kukurumidza kuteverwa nemaziso, mhuno, nzeve, uye muromo. Mwoyo yemavhudhi ndiyo inotangira basa rinotanga seyoyo mudziyo weropa iyo ichava mwoyo unotanga kupisa.
Muvhiki yechishanu, buds iyo ichaita kuti maoko nemakumbo zvionekwe.
Pakazosvika vhiki yechisere yekugadzirwa, iyo embryo ine nhengo dzese dzinokosha kunze kweiyo nhengo dzepabonde. Iko kunyange ine mabvi uye zvikomba! Panguva ino, embryo inorema gramu imwechete uye inenge imwe masendimita murefu.
Pakupera kwema embryonic nguva, zvivako zvehupfungwa nehutachiona hwehutano hwakagadzirwa. Panguva ino mukurudzirwa, nheyo huru yepakati uye yepamusoro yenheyo system inotsanangurwa zvakare.
Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti kubudiswa kweeuroni kunotanga kumasikati 42 mushure mekuberekwa uye nguva yakazara inopedzisira yava pakati pepakati pemucheche. Sezvakaita maonuroni, vanoenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeuropi. Kana vachinge vasvika panzvimbo yakarurama, vanotanga kuumba kuwirirana nemamwe masero e-neural, achigadzira rudimentary neural networks.
Fetal Stage
Kana kese kuparadzaniswa kweesero kwakanyanya kukwana, mucheche unopinda muchikamu chinotevera uye unozozivikanwa semucheche. Nguva yekutora yekusununguka kusati yasvika inoratidza mararamiro anokosha muuropi. Iyi nguva yekukura inovamba mukati mevhiki yepfumbamwe uye inoguma kusvika pakuzvarwa.
Mitambo yemuviri yekutanga uye zvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa mudanga re embryonic rinoramba richikura. Iko panguva ino mukukura kwepabonde iyo inonzi neural tube inopinda muuropi uye musana wemagunha uye neuroni dzinoramba dzichiumba. Kamwe kamwe ma-neuroni akaumbwa, anotanga kutamira kune nzvimbo dzavo dzakarurama. Synapses, kana kubatana pakati peeurons, inotangawo kukura.
Inenge iri pakati pevhiki yegumi nemapfumbamwe pamakumbo ekutanga anotanga kubuda uye fetus inotanga kuita mafungiro ekufungidzira nemaoko ake nemakumbo.
Iyi nhanho yekukura kwepabonde inotora nguva refu uye inoratidzwa nekuchinja kushamisa nekukura. Mumwedzi wechitatu wekubata, nhengo dzepabonde dzinotanga kusiyanisa uye pakuguma kwemwedzi, zvikamu zvose zvemuviri zvichaumbwa. Panguva ino, fetus urema hwemaawa matatu. Izvo fetus inoramba ichikura mukurema uye kureba, kunyange huwandu hwekukura mumuviri hunoitika mumatanho ekupedzisira ekudzivirira.
Kuguma kwemwedzi wechitatu kunoratidzawo kuguma kwekutanga kwekutanga kwekuita pamuviri. Munguva yechipiri chemwedzi kana mwedzi mana kusvika kwechitanhatu, kubatwa kwemwoyo kunowedzera kusimba uye dzimwe hutano huri kuwedzera. Nyeredzi, vhudzi, eyelashes, uye zvinyorwa. Zvichida zvinonyanya kuonekwa, fetus inowedzera zvakanyanya mukukura, inowedzera kanenge katanhatu muhukuru.
Saka chii chiri kuitika mukati meuropi panguva ino inokosha yekukura kwepabonde? Uropi uye hutachiona hwehutano hunovawo humwe huri kuterera munguva yechipiri chetatu. Munenge vhiki makumi maviri nemasere, uropi hunotanga kukura nekukurumidza nebasa rakafanana zvikuru nechechecheche anovata.
Munguva yemwedzi minomwe kusvika pakuberekwa, fetus inoramba ichikura, kuisa muviri, nekugadzirira hupenyu kunze kwechizvaro. Mapapu anotanga kuwedzera uye chibvumirano, kugadzirira mishonga yekufema.
Shoko Rinobva
Nguva yekutora nguva yekukura ndiyo nguva yekukura mumuviri, asi chii chiri kuitika mukati meuropi chinonyanya kukoshesa kukura kwepfungwa mupamangwana. Uropi hunobudirira hunoitika panguva yekusununguka kunobatsira kuisa nzira yezvichaitika kunze kwechibereko.
Kunyange zvazvo kukura kwepabonde kunowanzotevera muenzaniso wakajairika, pane dzimwe nguva apo matambudziko kana kukanganisa kunoitika. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvimwe zvezvinetso nekugadzirwa kwepabonde . Zvirwere, kusagadzikana kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, uye mamwe maitiro avabereki vanogona kutora zvinogona kuita kuti hutano huvepo munguva ino yakaoma.
Asi uropi hunobudirira hunoguma pakuberekwa. Pane huwandu hwakawanda hwehurosi hunoitika hunoitika shure kwekuwedzera huri kukura muhukuru uye huwandu kana uchichinja muhutano. Uropi huri kukura neanenge kaviri hukuru pakati pekuberekwa uye zvekare. Sezvo vana vachidzidza uye vane zviitiko zvitsva, mamwe maitiro ari muuropi anosimbiswa apo dzimwe hukama hunoiswa.
> Sources:
> Levine, LE, & Munsch, J. (2010). Kukura Kwevana: An Approaching Learning Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Mabhuku.
> Shaffer, DR, & Kipp, K. (2010). Kuvandudza Psychology: Kuberekwa uye Kuyaruka. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
> Stiles, J & Jernigan, TL. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvekuvandudzwa kwehuropi. Neuropsychology Review. 2010; 20 (4): 327-348.