Ko mafungiro epfungwa vanofunga sei nekudzidza pfungwa nemafungiro evanhu? Psychology ndiyo hurukuro yakakura uye inotaurira hurefu uye hupamhi henyaya yacho inogona kuva yakaoma. Somugumisiro, matare akasiyana-siyana uye akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu akabuda kuti atarise nemamwe mapurisa mukati mekudzidza kwepfungwa, uropi, uye mufambiro.
Davi rimwe nerimwe kana munda unotarisa mibvunzo nematambudziko kubva pane imwe nzira .
Apo imwe neimwe ine zvayo pachedu pamatambudziko epfungwa kana matambudziko, nzvimbo dzose dzine chinangwa chimwechete chekudzidza nekutsanangura pfungwa dzevanhu uye mufambiro.
Psychology inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru:
- Kutsvakurudza, kunoedza kuwedzera zvidzidzo zvedu
- Dzidzira , kuburikidza neruzivo rwedu runoshandiswa kugadzirisa matambudziko munyika chaiyo
Nokuti hutsika hwevanhu hwakasiyana-siyana, nhamba yepasi pepfungwa mune zvepfungwa inowedzerawo uye ichibudirira. Zvimwe zvezvikamu izvi zvakasimbiswa zvakasimba senzvimbo dzinofarira, uye makoroji akawanda nemayunivhesiti anopa zvidzidzo uye mapurogiramu epurogiramu munyaya idzi.
Nzvimbo imwe neimwe yepfungwa inomiririra imwe nzvimbo yekudzidza yakatarisa pane imwe nyaya. Kazhinji, vanoona nezvepfungwa vanofunga mune imwe yenzvimbo idzi sebasa. Zvinotevera ndezvimwe zvemashizha makuru epfungwa. Kune zvakawanda zvezvi nzvimbo dzakasiyana, kushanda munzvimbo iyoyo inoda kuti zvidzidzo zvidzidzo mumunda iwoyo.
Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology ndiyo nzvimbo inotarisa pfungwa dzepfungwa uye kusazvibata. Vashandi vezvehutano hwepfungwa vanobatsira kuongorora, kuongorora, uye kubata zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa, kusanganisira kuzvidya mwoyo uye kuora mwoyo. Vakuru, mapiriniki epfungwa, uye vanoona nezvepfungwa vanowanzoshanda zvakajeka mundima iyi.
Behavioral Psychology
Maitiro epfungwa , anozivikanwawo sehutsika, inyanzvi yekudzidza inobva mupfungwa yokuti maitiro ose anowanikwa kuburikidza nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo bazi iri rezvepfungwa rakakunda munda munguva yekutanga yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, rakava risina kunyanya kuzivikanwa muma1950. Zvisinei, maitiro ehutsika anoramba ari chinhu chikuru pakurapa, dzidzo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.
Vanhu vanowanzoshandisa maitiro ekuita saiwo classical conditioning uye maitiro ekugadzirisa kudzidzisa kana kuchinja mafambiro. Semuenzaniso, mudzidzisi angashandisa nzira yezvipo kuitira kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuzvibata panguva yechikoro. Kana vadzidzi vakanaka, vanogamuchira nyeredzi dzegoridhe dzinogona kuendeswa kune rimwe rudzi rwekodzero inokosha.
Biopsychology
Biopsychology ibazi rezvepfungwa rinotarisa kuti uropi, neuroni, uye chirwere chinotyisa zvinokonzera sei mafungiro, manzwiro, uye maitiro. Iyi minda inotarisana nedzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira pfungwa dzepfungwa, inyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora, biology, physiology, kunzwisisa kwepfungwa, uye neuroscience.
Vanhu vanoshanda mundima iyi vanowanzodzidza kuti kukuvara kwepfungwa uye zvirwere zvepfungwa zvakakanganisa sei maitiro evanhu. Biopsychology inowanzonziwo sepfungwa yepfungwa, maitiro ekutenda neuroscience, kana kuti psychobiology.
Clinical Psychology
Clinical Psychological is branch of psychology inosangana nekuongorora uye kurapa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa, tsika dzisina kunaka, uye matambudziko epfungwa . Vanachiremba vanowanzoshanda mumagariro avo, asi vazhinji vanoshandawo munzvimbo dzemunharaunda kana kumayunivhesiti uye makoroji. Vamwe vanoita zvirongwa zvezvipatara kana makiriniki ehutano hwepfungwa sechikamu cheboka rinobatanidza rinogona kusanganisira vanachiremba, vezvepfungwa, nevamwe vadzidzisi vehutano hwepfungwa.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychological is branch of psychology inotarisa munyaya dzepfungwa dzepfungwa. Iyi nharaunda yepfungwa yakaramba ichingokura sezvo yakabuda muma1960.
Iyi nharaunda yepfungwa yakabatanidzwa nesayenzi yekuti vanhu vanofunga sei, vanodzidza, uye vanoyeuka.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshanda mundima iyi dzinowanzodzidza zvinhu zvakadai sekuona, kukurudzira , manzwiro, mutauro, kudzidza, kurangarira, kutarisa , kugadzirisa zvisarudzo , nekugadzirisa matambudziko . Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoziva nezvemagariro dzinowanzoshandisa nzira yekugadzirisa mashoko-tsanangudzo yekutsanangura kuti pfungwa dzinoshanda sei, zvichiratidza kuti uropi hunochengeta uye hunoshandisa ruzivo rwakadai se kombiyuta.
Kuenzanisa Psychology
Kuenzanisa kwepfungwa ndeyebazi rezvepfungwa rakabatanidzwa nekudzidza kwemhuka. Kudzidza nezvekuita kwemhuka kunogona kutungamirira kunzwisisiro yakadzika uye yakazara yepfungwa dzevanhu. Iyi nzvimbo inobva mumabasa evatsvakurudzi vakadai saCharles Darwin naGeorges Romanes uye yakakura ikava nyaya yakasiyana-siyana yezvinhu zvakawanda. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinowanzowedzera mubasa iri, sezvinoita vanodzidza zvipenyu, anthropologists, ecologists, geneticists, nevamwe vakawanda.
Kupa mazano Psychology
Kupa mazano panyaya dzepfungwa ndeimwe yepamusoro-soro kune dzimwe nzvimbo pasi pepfungwa. Inonyanya kukoshesa kurapa vatengi vane kutambudzika kwepfungwa uye zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa. Sosaiti yekupa mazano yepfungwa inotsanangura munda iyi senharaunda inogona kuvandudza kushanda kwehupenyu hupenyu hwose kuburikidza nekuvandudza hutano hwehupenyu uye hwepfungwa pamwe nekugadzirisa zvinetso pamusoro pehutano, basa, mhuri, kuroorana, nezvimwe.
Muchinjikwa-Mutsika Psychology
Mupfungwa-mutsika yepfungwa ndeyebazi rezvepfungwa rinotarisa kuti tsika dzinokanganisa sei maitiro evanhu. I International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) yakasimbiswa muna 1972, uye iri bazi rezvepfungwa rakaramba richikura nekukura kubva panguva iyoyo. Nhasi, kuwedzera kwenhamba dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoongorora kuti maitiro akasiyana sei pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana munyika yose.
Developmental Psychology
Kufambira mberi kwepfungwa kunotarisa pamusoro pekuti vanhu vanochinja sei nekukura mukati mehupenyu hwose. Kuongorora kwesayenzi kwekufambira mberi kwevanhu kunoedza kunzwisisa uye kutsanangura kuti sei uye nei vanhu vachichinja muupenyu hwavo hwose. Vanokudziridza mafungiro epfungwa vanowanzoongorora zvinhu zvakadai sokukura mumuviri, kukura kweunyanzvi, kuchinja kwepfungwa, kusimba kwevanhu, uye kuchinja kwekunzwisisa kunoitika munguva yeupenyu hwose.
Aya mazvikokota epfungwa anonyanya kuzivikanwa munzvimbo dzakadai sechecheche, mwana, mwana wechidiki, kana kukurudzirwa kwechirwere, asi vamwe vanogona kuongorora migumisiro yekukurumidza kunonoka. Iyi minda inobatanidza nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira zvose kubva pakukura kwepabonde kuenda kuAlzheimer's disease.
Educational Psychology
Dzidzo yepfungwa ndiyo bazi rezvepfungwa dzinofanirwa nezvikoro, kudzidzisa zvepfungwa, zvidzidzo zvezvidzidzo uye zvido zvevadzidzi. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzekudzidza dzinowanzodzidza kuti vadzidzi vanodzidza sei kana kushanda zvakananga nevadzidzi, vabereki, vadzidzisi, uye vatariri kuvandudza zviwanikwa zvevadzidzi. Vanogona kudzidza kuti kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kunobatsira sei zvidzidzo zvemunhu mumwe nomumwe. Vanodzidzawo nyaya dzakadai sekuremara kwekudzidza, zvipo, nzira yekudzidzisa, nekusiyana kwemunhu.
Ongororo yeMapfungwa
Ongororo yepfungwa ndeyebazi rezvepfungwa rinoshandisa nzira dzezvesayenzi kutsvakurudza uropi nemaitiro. Zvakawanda zvehutano idzi zvinoshandiswawo nedzimwe nzvimbo muhutano hwepfungwa kuti uite tsvakurudzo pamusoro pezvinhu zvose kubvira pakukura kwevana kusvika kumagariro evanhu. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira zvikoro, vunivhesiti, zvivako zvekutsvakurudza, hurumende nemabhizimusi ega.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora mashandisi dzinoshandisa nzira yesayenzi yekudzidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutano hwevanhu nemafungiro epfungwa. Iri bazi rezvepfungwa rinowanzotaridzirwa senharaunda yakasiyana mune zvepfungwa, asi nzira dzekuedza uye nzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzose dzepasi pepfungwa. Dzimwe nzira dzinoshandiswa mukuongorora kwepfungwa dzinosanganisira kuongororwa, zvidzidzo zvekorrelational , zvidzidzo zvekodzero , uye kuongorora zvisikwa .
Forensic Psychology
Forensic psychology inzvimbo inokosha inobata nyaya dzine chokuita nepfungwa uye mutemo. Avo vanoshanda munharaunda iyi yepfungwa vanoita mazano epfungwa kumatongerwe enyika. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kudzidza kuipa kwemhosva uye kurapwa kana kushanda zvakananga mumatare edzimhosva.
Forensic psychologists vanoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kupa uchapupu mumatare edzimhosva, kuongorora vana mukufungidzirwa kwemhosva dzemhosva dzevana, kugadzirira vana kupa uchapupu uye kuongorora ruzivo rwepfungwa rwevanopomerwa mhosva.
Iri bazi rezvepfungwa rinotsanangurwa senzira yekupindirana kwepfungwa uye mutemo, asi vanoongorora nezvepfungwa vanogona kuita mabasa akawanda saka tsanangudzo iyi inogona kusiyana. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, vanhu vanoshanda mukati mehutano hwezvepfungwa havasi "vaongorori vezvepfungwa." Vanhu ava vangave vari kuchipatara chepfungwa, masayendisiti ekuchikoro, vanachiremba kana vanopa mazano avo vanobhadhara ruzivo rwepfungwa dzavo kupa uchapupu, kuongorora kana mazano mumatare edzimhosva kana pamhosva.
Health Psychology
Utano hwepfungwa ndehunokosha hunotarisa kuti bhiology, maitiro epfungwa, maitiro uye hukama hwevanhu hunobatsira sei utano nehutano. Mamwe mazwi anosanganisira masayendisiti ekurapa uye mishonga yokuzvibata dzimwe nguva anoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana neshoko rehutano hwepfungwa. Munda wehutano hwepfungwa hunoisa mukusimudzira utano pamwe nekudzivirira uye kurapwa kwezvirwere uye chirwere.
Utano hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinofarira kuvandudza hutano kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Aya maitiro haasi kungosimudzira unhu hunoita hutano hwakanaka, anoshandawo mukudzivirira nekurapa kwechirwere uye zvirwere. Utano hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinowanzobata nehutano hwehutano hwakadai sekurema kwekutakura, kusvuta kusvuta, kushandiswa kwepfungwa, nekudya.
Vanogonawo kutsvakurudza kuti vanhu vanotarisana sei nezvirwere uye vanobatsira varwere kutsvaga nzira itsva, dzinogadzirisa kugadzirisa. Dzimwe nyanzvi mundima ino dzinobatsira kudzivirira kudzivirira uye zvirongwa zvekuzivisa vanhu, asi vamwe vanoshanda mukati mehurumende kuvandudza mitemo yehutano.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Industrial-organizational psychology ibasa rinoshandisa pfungwa dzepfungwa yekutsvakurudza panyaya dzebasa rekushanda dzakadai sekubudirira uye mufambiro. Iyi munda wepfungwa, iyo inowanzonzi I / O yepamusoro pepfungwa, inoshanda kuti inatsiridze kubereka nekubudirira munzvimbo yebasa pamwe nekuwedzera hupenyu hwevashandi. Kutsvakurudza muIO psychology inozivikanwa sekutsvakurudza kushandiswa nokuti inotsvaka kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo enyika. IO magwepistori vanoongorora nyaya dzakadai sevashandi, mafambiro evashandi, maitiro ehurongwa, uye hutungamiri.
Vamwe vanoongorora nezvepfungwa munharaunda iyi vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakadai sevanhu , ergonomics, nekubatana kwemakombiyuta. Zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu hwepfungwa ndeyedzimiro inopindira iyo inotarisa pane nyaya dzakadai sekukanganisa kwevanhu, chigadzirwa chemiti, ergonomics, kukwanisa kwevanhu, nekubatana kwemakombiyuta. Vanhu vanoshanda muzvinhu zvevanhu vanoisa pfungwa pakuvandudza kuti vanhu vanotaurirana sei nemishonga nemichina mukati uye kunze kwebasa. Vanogona kubatsira michina yakagadzirirwa kutapudza kukuvara kana kuumba nzvimbo dzinoshanda dzinokurudzira kunyanya kwakarurama nekuvandudza kuchengeteka.
Manhuro Psychology
Unhu hwepfungwa ndeyebazi repfungwa dzinoisa pfungwa pakuongorora kwemafungiro, manzwiro, uye mafambiro anoita kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe ave akasiyana. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvehupenyu zvinosanganisira Freud's psychoanalytic nyanzvi yeunhu uye Erikson nharo yekuvandudza mupfungwa . Unhu hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzingadzidza kuti zvakasiyana sei zvakadai semageneti, kuberekera vana, uye hupenyu hwehutano hunochinja hupenyu hwehupenyu hunoshanduka uye hunochinja.
School Psychology
Chikoro chepfungwa chikoro chinosanganisira kushanda kuchikoro kubatsira vana kubata nezvekudzidza, manzwiro, uye zvehupfumi. Vadzidzi vezvepfungwa vekuchikoro vanobatanawo nevadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vabereki kuti vabatsire kusika nzvimbo yakadzidza yekudzidza.
Vazhinji vepfungwa dzekuchikoro vanoshanda muchikoro chepuraimari uye chesekondari, asi vamwe vanoita mumakiriniki ega, zvipatara, masangano ehurumende, uye vunivhesiti. Vamwe vanopinda mumusangano wega uye vanoshumira sevatariri, kunyanya avo vane doctoral degree muchikoro chepfungwa.
Social Psychology
Inyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinotsvaga kutsanangura uye kunzwisisa manzwiro evanhu uye dzinotarisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana kusanganisira maitiro eboka, kushamwaridzana kwevanhu, hutungamiri , kusabvumirana kwemashoko , uye hukama hwevanhu munharaunda yekuita zvisarudzo.
Iyi munda wepfungwa inotarisa kuongorora nyaya dzakadai seboka reboka, maonero evanhu, maitiro asina maitiro, kufanana , utsinye, uye kusarura . Maitiro ehutano pane hutano ndeyekuda zvikuru mune zvepfungwa dzepabonde, asi masayendisiti ezvemagariro evanhu anonyanya kutaura nezvekuti vanhu vanonzwisisa uye vanobatana sei nevamwe.
Sports Psychology
Nhau yepfungwa ndeyekudzidza kwekuita kwepfungwa dzepabonde, kutamba kwemitambo, maitiro uye kuita basa. Mimwe mitambo yepfungwa dzepfungwa inoshanda nevatambi vezvenyanzvi uye vadzidzisi kuti vanatsiridze kushanda uye kuwedzera kukurudzira. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoshandisa maitiro uye mitambo kuti uwedzere hupenyu hwehupenyu uye hupenyu hupenyu muhupenyu hwose.
Shoko Rinobva
Psychology inogara ichichinja uye mitsva nemashamba matsva zvinoramba zvichibuda. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti hapana rimwe boka rezvepfungwa rinonyanya kukosha kana rakanaka kudarika rimwe ripi zvaro. Nzvimbo imwe neimwe yega inobatsira kunzwisisa kwedu kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa zvinokonzera kuti iwe ndiwe, maitiro ako, uye iwe unofunga sei.
Nokuita tsvakurudzo nekugadzirisa matsva matsva ekuziva ruzivo rwepfungwa, vashandi vanoshanda mune rimwe bazi rezvepfungwa vanogona kubatsira vanhu kuti vanzwisise ivo pachavo, vanotarisana nezvinetso zvingatarisana nazvo, uye vararame hupenyu huri nani.
> Sources:
> Grey, PO & Bjorklund, D. Psychology. New York: Worth Worth Publishers; 2014.
> Hockenbury, SE & Nolan, SA. Psychology. New York: Worth Worth Publishers; 2014.