Ndiyo inofarira pop tsika-uye chikamu chinokosha chekugadzirisa utsotsi
Forensic psychology inyaya inotyisa. Funga nezvebhuku rose, mafirimu, uye zviratidzo zveterevhizheni pamusoro pekufamba mukati memafungiro emashure emhosva zvinogona kubatsira kuvadzirisa uye nekuunza kururamisira kune avo vakaurayiwa. Asi nokuda kwekuzivikanwa kwayo kwose mune zvenhau, hutano hwepfungwa hunoita basa rinokosha muupenyu chaihwo. Hezvino tarisai kuti izvi zvinonakidza sei mumunda wepfungwa yakashanduka.
Kutsvakurudza Kwokutanga Mukufananidzira Kwepfungwa Pfungwa
Mbeu yekutanga ye forensic psychology yakadyarwa muna 1879, apo Wilhelm Wundt , anowanzonzi baba vepfungwa, akatanga dare rake rokutanga muGermany. Kubvira paWundt, munda we forensic psychology wakabereka, pamwe nemipiro nemapoka evamwe nyanzvi.
James McKeen Cattell , somuenzaniso, akaita zvimwe zvekutsvakurudza kwokutanga pamusoro pepfungwa yehupupuriro. Akabvunza mutsva yemibvunzo kuvadzidzi veKunivhesiti, vachivabvunza kuti vape mhinduro uye kuenzanisa chivimbo chavo mune mhinduro yavo. Akawana chiitiko chinoshamisa chekusaziva, kuchikurudzira mamwe magwekori epfungwa kuti azviongorore ivo pachavo mune uchapupu hwekuona. Nezvo kunyange ivo vakaona vasingazivikanwi pachavo, izvi zvakasimudza nyaya dzakakomba pamusoro pehutano hwekubatsira kwavo mudare.
Akafuridzirwa nebasa raCattell, Alfred Binet akadzokorora kutsvakurudza kwaKattell uye akadzidza migumisiro yezvimwe zviitiko zvepfungwa zvakashandiswa kune mutemo uye kururamisira kwemhosva.
Basa rake mukuedza kuongorora kwakakoshawo pakuvandudzika kwe forensic psychology, sezvo zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvekuongorora zvenguva yemberi zvakabva pane basa rake.
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa William Stern akadzidzawo zvapupu 'kukwanisa kuyeuka mashoko. Mune chimwe chezviongorori zvake, akabvunza vadzidzi kuti vape muchidimbu nharo yavakaona pakati peavo vaaidzidza navo.
Stern akawana zvikanganiso zvaiwanzoonekwa pakati pezvapupu uye akagumisa kuti manzwiro evanhu angakanganisa kunyatsoyeuka zvinhu. Stern yakaramba ichidzidza nyaya dzakabatana nehupupuriro rematare uye gare gare yakagadzira bhuku rekutanga rezvidzidzo rakagadzirirwa kushandisa psychology.
Forensic Psychology muDare
Munguva ino, mazvikokota ezvepfungwa vaitanga kuita sezvenzvapupu mumhosva dzakaipa muEurope yose. Muna 1896, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa nezita raAlbert von Schrenck-Notzing akapupurira pamhosva yekuponda pamusoro pemigumisiro yekupupurirwa pane uchapupu hweuchapupu.
Muongorori wepfungwa weGermany neAmerica, Hugo Munsterberg, yekuti mafirology akave nemashandisirwo anobatsira muupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvakare akaita kuti kuve nekufambiswa kwe forensic psychology. Muna 1908, Munsterberg yakabudisa "On the Witness Stand," bhuku rinotsigira kushandiswa kwepfungwa panyaya dzepamutemo.
Stanford wepfungwa dzepfungwa Lewis Terman akatanga kushandiswa kwepfungwa panyaya yekudzivirira mutemo muna 1916. Mushure mekunge vadzoka zvakare kuongorora kweBinet's intelligence, chiratidzo chitsva cheStanford-Binet chakashandiswa kuongorora huchenjeri hwevashandi vemabasa ekugadzirisa mitemo.
Muna 1917, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa William Marston akawana kuti systolic ropa rinokonzera kuwirirana kwakasimba nekureva nhema.
Uku kuwanikwa kwaizozoendesa kune zvakagadzirwa zvemazuva ano polygraph detector.
Marston akapupura muna 1923 munyaya yaFrye v. United States. Iyi nyaya inokosha nokuti yakagadzira muenzaniso wekushandisa kwezvapupu zvedare. Sangano reDare Repamusoro reKutsvaga rakagadza kuti nzira, maitiro, kana kuti kuongorora kunofanira kugamuchirwa mukati memunda iwoyo kuitira kuti ishandiswe sehuchapupu.
Forensic Psychology Inobviswa
Kukura kunokosha muAmerican forensic psychology hazvina kuitika kusvikira mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzakashanda sezvapupu zvezvapupu, asi muzviedzo izvo zvakanga zvisinganzwisisi sekupokana kune vanyori vezvokurapa, avo vakaonekwa sezvapupu zvakatendeka zvakare.
Mumhosva ye1940 yeV v. Hawthorne, matare akatonga kuti chiyero chezvapupu zvezvapupu chaive chichienderana nehuwandu hwehuchapupu hwaiziva pamusoro penyaya, kwete kana munhu wacho aiva nedhigiriji rezvechiremba.
Muchiitiko chinoshamisa chakaitwa muna 1954 cheBrown v. Bhodhi yeZvadzidzo, maverengi emagariro evanhu vakapupurira avo vanopomerwa nevatsigiri. Gare gare, matare akapa rubatsiro kune vanodzidza nezvepfungwa vakashanda sevadzidzisi vepfungwa mupfungwa munyaya yeJenkins v. United States.
Forensic psychology yakaramba ichikura uye yakachinja mumakumi matatu emakore apfuura. Kuwedzera kwenhamba yezvirongwa zvedzidzo kunopa zvidimbu zviviri mupfungwa uye mutemo, asi vamwe vanopa zvidimbu zvakanyanyisa kusimbisa kuongorora kwepfungwa. Muna 2001, American Psychological Association yakabvumirana nemapurisa ekuongorora masayendisiti semafungiro mune zvepfungwa.
Sources:
Bartol, CR, & Bartol, AM "Nhoroondo yePorodheic Psychology." The Handbook of Forensic Psychology (pp. 1-27). 2005. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Cattell, JM "Nzira dzeKutsanangurwa Kwekuyeuka." Sayenzi , Dec 6, 1895; 2 (49): 761-6.
Stern, LW "The Psychology of Testimony." Zvinyorwa zveHasina Kunaka uye Zvemagariro Psychology. 1939; 34 (1); 3-20.