Edward C. Tolman anonyanya kuzivikanwa nekunzwisisa maitiro, kuongororwa kwake pamapupu ekufungisisa, dzidziso yekudzidza kwekupedzisira uye chirevo chekusiyana kunopindira. Tolman akaberekwa musi waApril 14, 1886, ndokufa musi waNovember 19, 1959.
Chii Chinonzi Kugadzirisa Kuziva?
Kugadzirisa manzwiro ehutano (CBT) ndiyo inowanzosiyana yehutano hwekutaura ( psychotherapy ). Iwe unoshanda nehutano hwehutano hwepfungwa (chiremba wepfungwa kana muongorori) nenzira yakarongeka, kuenda kune nhamba shoma yezvirongwa.
CBT inokubatsira kuti uzive kufunga kwakajeka kana kusina kunaka kuitira kuti uone maitiro akaoma zvakajeka uye uvapindure nenzira inoshanda.
CBT inogona kuva chinhu chinobatsira pakurapa matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa, akadai sokuora mwoyo, mushure mekutambudzika kwepfungwa zvinokonzera (PTSD) kana chirwere chekudya. Asi kwete vose vanobatsirwa neBBCT vane hutano hwepfungwa. Inogona kuva chigadziriro chinoshanda kubatsira chero munhu upi zvake kudzidza kudzikisa zviri nani kutarisira hupenyu hunonetsa hupenyu.
Upenyu Hwokutanga hwaEdwin C. Tolman
Tolman pakutanga akatanga hupenyu hwake hwokudzidza achidzidza physics, mathematics, uye chemistry pa Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Mushure mekuverenga William James ' Principles of Psychology , akasarudza kuisa pfungwa yake pakudzidza kwepfungwa . Akanyoresa kuHarvard kwaakashanda mubazi reHugo Munsterberg . Mukuwedzera pakufurirwa naJames, iye akazoti zvakare basa rake rakanyanyiswa zvikuru naKurt Koffka naKurt Lewin .
Akapedza neF.D. muna 1915.
Basa raTolman uye Mipiro kuPychology
Tolman angangodaro anonyanya kuzivikanwa nebasa rake nemakonzo uye mazes. Basa raTolman rakatsoropodza pfungwa yekuzvibata kuti maitiro ose uye kudzidza ndeye chikonzero chekutanga chekukurudzira-mhinduro yekuita.
Mune chiitiko chekare, makonzo aifamba nenzira yakareba kwemazuva mazhinji.
Zvadaro, nzira yaizivikanwa yavaiwanzoitora yakavharwa. Maererano nemafungiro ekuzvibata, makonzo ainge aumba masangano pamusoro pezvipi zvidzidzo zvakasimbiswa uye zvisiri izvo. Pane kudaro, Tolman akaziva kuti makonzo acho akanga aita mapepa epfungwa ye maze, achivabvumira kusarudza nzira inozovatungamirira kumubhadharo.
Dzidziso yake yekudzidza yakadzika inoratidza kuti kudzidza kunowanikwa kunyange kana pasina kusimbirwa kunopiwa. Kudzidza kwekupedzisira hakusi kuonekwa panguva iyoyo, asi iyo inowanikwa gare gare mumamiriro ezvinhu inenge ichidiwa.
Zvinyorwa zveTolman zvekudzidzira kwemazuva ano uye mapoka emagariro zvakabatsira kusimbisa nzira yekusimudzirwa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa.
Makomba eTolman uye Kusiyanisa
- Muna 1937, iye Tolman akatumidzwa Mutungamiri weAmerica Psychological Association .
- Muna 1940, akazova sachigaro weLein's Society nekuda kwePfungwa dzeChidzidzo cheMagariro evanhu.
- Muna 1949, akatumidzwa zita rokuti Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
- Muna 1957, akagamuchira mupiro wakakosha kubva kuAAPA nekuda kwezvipo zvake kune sainzi.
> Sources:
Mayo Clinic. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/home/ovc-20186868