Nzira uye Sei Nhoroondo Yakavanzika Inogona Kuzarurirwa
Basa rokunyevera rinoreva basa remupi wezano kana kuti chiremba kuudza vanhu vatatu kana zviremera kana mutengi anozviisa pangozi iye pachake kana kuti mumwe munhu anozivikanwa. Icho chiri chimwe chezviitiko zvishomanana apo mushonga anogona kukanganisa zvakavanzika zvevabereki. Kazhinji, mazano ehutano anoda kuti varapi vachengetedze ruzivo rwakaratidzwa panguva yekurapa zvisiri pfupi.
IAmerica Psychological Association ye "Maitiro Ezvakanaka zveMapfungwa Nezvemitemo yeUtsika" inotsanangura kuti sei uye kana ruzivo rwekuvanzika ruziviswa. Aya mazano emitemo anoratidza kuti ruzivo rwomunhu oga runogona kubudiswa chete nemvumo yemunhu mumwechete kana kuti inobvumirwa nemutemo. Mitemo yepamutemo apo mashoko akadaro anogona kuzarurirwa anosanganisira kana zvakakosha kugovera mazano emhizha, apo kuwana mazano kubva kune vamwe vashandi, kuwana rubhadharwo rwemashumiro, uye kudzivirira muteresi nemamwe mapato kubva pane zvinogona kukuvadza.
Izvo zvakananga zvebasa remitemo yekuyevera zvinowanzosiyana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Muzviitiko zvakawanda:
- Mumwe mushonga anodikanwa kuputsa chivande kana muchengeti achiita sengozi yekuti iye pachake, mushonga, kana wechitatu.
- Mashoko akadikanwa anofanirwa kubudiswa kune mumwe munhu anokwanisa kutora matanho ekuderedza dambudziko.
- Muzviitiko zvakawanda, munhu anenge ari pangozi uye kutevedza mitemo aizoziviswa.
Mhosva Dzakagadziriswa Mutemo Wekuyevera
Mhosva mbiri dzepamutemo dzakagadziriswa dzakagadziriswa nematare edzimhosva kudarika kuvanzika kana vachifunga kuti mutengi anozviisa pangozi kwaari kana kune vamwe.
Tarasoff v. Regent yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia (1976)
Basa remitemo yekuyevera rakatanga kuiswa munyaya yeTarasoff v Regent yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia (1976) apo mushonga akakundikana kuzivisa musikana wechidiki nevabereki vake nezvekutyisidzira kwakafa kwakagadzirwa nevatengi.
Tatiana Tarasoff naProsenjit Poddar vakasangana muna 1968 sevadzidzi paYunivhesiti yeKalifornia, Berkeley. Poddar akasvika pakudavira kuti avo vaviri vaiva muukama hwakakomba, maonero akanga asina kugoverwa naTarasoff. Apo iye akataura kuti akanga asina hanya neukama hwepamuviri, Poddar akatanga kumuramba uye akawana kuparara kwepfungwa kwakakomba.
Muna 1969, Poddar akava murwere wepfungwa dzepfungwa ainzi Dr. Lawrence Moore paUC Berkeley's Cowell Memorial Hospital. Mushure mekutaura zvinangwa zvake kuti auraye Tarasoff kumushandi wake, Moore akaudza mapurisa mapurisa ndokupa maonero ake kuti Poddar inoda kugara muchipatara uye kuti akazviisa njodzi kwaari uye kune vamwe.
Poddar akavharirwa kwenguva pfupi asi akaonekwa akajeka uye akachengeteka, achitungamirira mapurisa kumusunungura nechivimbiso chokuti aizoramba kure neTarasoff. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, mutungamiriri wesangano rezvepfungwa chepfungwa paCowell Memorial Hospital akarayira tsamba yakanyorwa uye kurapa kurapa.
Hapana mapurisa kana mapurisa aPoddar akanyevera Tatiana Tarasoff kana mhuri yake yezvinotyisa. Poddar akaenderera mberi kuti atsire mukadzi wechidiki uye musi waOctober 27, 1969, akamuuraya.
Poddar akaenda kumusha weTarasoff akafuridzirwa nekicheni yekicheni uye pfuti yemapuranga.
Mushure mokurwisana, Tarasoff akashevedzera kuti abatsirwe, panguva iyo Poddar akamutema nepfuti yemapuranga. Iye akatizira kudivi, asi Poddar akamubata ndokubva amutema kusvika pakufa nekamu yekicheni. Akabva apinda muTarasoff kumba uye akanyevera mapurisa. Mushure mekusungwa kwake, Poddar akaonekwa kuti ane chirwere chepanoid schizophrenia , izvo zvakafananidzirwa kuti Moore akanga aita pakutanga.
Vabereki vake vakaisa mhosva pamusoro pevanodzidza uye University of California, Berkeley. Vakarwisana kuti mwanasikana wavo aifanira kunge akanyeverwa nezvenjodzi, apo vatsigiri vacho vakafunga kuti mutoro wavo ndewekuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvevatengi vavo.
Dare rezasi rakabvumirana nevatongi uye nyaya yacho yakatanga kubudiswa. VaTarasoff vakakumbira nyaya yacho kuCalifornia Supreme Court. Kunyange zvazvo nyaya yacho yakagadziriswa kubva mudare kuti ive nemari yakawanda, dare repamusorosoro ra1976 raireva kuti kuchengetedzwa kwepachivande kwaive kwakanyanya kune kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.
Jablonski naPauls v. United States (1983)
Nyaya yaJablonski nePauls v. United States yakawedzera mabasa ekumanikidza kuchenesa nekubatanidza kubvunzurudzwa kwezvinyorwa zvekare zvinogona kusanganisira nhoroondo yekuita zvechisimba. Kutonga kwakabva kune imwe nyaya umo chiremba akaita chirongwa chekuisa pangozi wekwereti, VaJablonski, asi havana kuongorora nhoroondo yeJablonski yechisimba. Somugumisiro, musikana wekambani, Ms. Kimball, haana kunyeverwa pamusoro pebhuku raJablonski rekuita zvechisimba. Apo Jablonski akasunungurwa, akauraya Kimball.
Basa rokunyevera rinopa vanopa mazano nevarapi kuti vane kodzero uye vanofanira kuchengetedza zvakavanzika kana vachifunga kuti mutengi anoisa dambudziko kumumwe munhu. Inodzivirirawo vanachiremba kubva mukushushwa nekuputsa kwekuvanzika kana vane chikonzero chakanaka chokuti muchengeti anogona kunge ari njodzi kwaari kana vamwe.
Kunyange zvazvo kwave kwemakumi emakore kubvira pamutemo basa rokunyevera rakatanga kugadziriswa, rinoramba riri nharo yepikisano. Muna 2013, mutungamiri wenyika yeAAPA Donald N. Bersoff akaratidza kuti kutonga kwaTarasoff kwakanga kuri kusaruramisira. Kuvanzika kwekambani, yakarongeka, yaiva yakakosha uye kuiputsa iyo inotarisira kuvimba kwevatengi kune avo vanopa utano hwepfungwa. Kuputsa izvi zvakavanzika kunofanira kungoitika sekupedzisira, Bersoff anotenda.
Vamwe vanotaura kuti Moore akanga asina kuzivisa zvingangovhundutsa, Poddar inogona kuramba yakarapwa. Dai akaenderera mberi kugamuchira kurapwa, zvichida angave akadzoka kubva pane zvaaida uye Tarasoff angave asina kuurayiwa. Zvisinei, hapana nzira yekuziva kana mamiriro acho angave akaita nenzira iyi. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinowanzotarisana nehutano hwakanaka uye dzinofanirwa kushandisa sarudzo yavo yakanakisisa kuti ione nzira yakarurama yekuita. Basa rekuyeuchidza zvipo zvinetso mumatambudziko akawanda, asi ndeyokuti vanyori vanoremekedzwa zviri pamutemo kukunda.
> Sources:
> American Psychological Association. (2002). American Psychological Association Maitiro Edzidziso yeMitemo yeMapfungwa uye Mutemo Wekuzvibata.
> American Psychological Association. (2013). 2013 APA kero yemutungamiri kubva kuna Donald N. Bersoff, Ph.D., JD
> Everstine, L, Everstine, DS, Sullivan, D., Heyman, GM, Echokwadi, RH, Frey, DH, Johnson, HG, Seiden, RH (2003). Kuzvimirira uye zvakavanzika mune zvepfungwa. Mune DN Bersoff (Mupepeti), Maitiro Emitemo Mupfungwa (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
> Vitelli, R. (2014). Kudzokorora Tarasoff. Psychology Nhasi.