Gestalt psychology chikoro chekufunga chinotarisa pfungwa dzomunhu uye mufambiro sezvose. Apo tichiedza kuita kuti pfungwa dzenyika dzichititenderedza, Gestalt psychology inoratidza kuti hatisi kungotarisa pane zvose zviduku.
Pane kudaro, pfungwa dzedu dzinowanzoona zvinhu sechikamu chehuwandu hwakazara uye sezvikamu zvezvinhu zvakaoma kwazvo. Ichi chikoro chepfungwa chikaita basa guru mukuvandudza kwemazuva ano kwekudzidza kwekunzwa kwevanhu nekuona.
Nhoroondo Pfupfupi yeGestalt Psychology
Kubva mubasa raMax Wertheimer, Gestalt psychology yakaita chikamu semhinduro kumarongerwo aWilhelm Wundt .
Kunyange zvazvo Wundt aifarira kuputsa nyaya dzepfungwa mune zviduku zvishoma zvingaita, vaGestalt vepfungwa dzepfungwa vakange vari kufarira kutarisa zvose zvepfungwa nemafambiro. Nhungamiro inotungamira musangano weGestalt ndeyekuti yose yakanga yakawanda kudarika chikamu chezvikamu zvayo.
Kubudirira kwenharaunda iyi yepfungwa yakagadziriswa nevanofungidzirwa vakawanda, kusanganisira Immanuel Kant, Ernst Mach, naJohann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Kubudirira kweGestalt psychology kwakagadziriswa muchikamu chekucherechedza kwaWertheimer rimwe zuva pachiteshi chezvitima. Akatenga chibvumirano che stroboscope chakaratidza mifananidzo mukutsanangurira nokukurumidza kutevedzera kufamba kunooneka. Akazopa pfungwa yekufungidzira kwePi phenomenon umo magetsi anotsvaga akafanana anogona kutungamirira kune izvo zvinozivikanwa sezviri pachena kufamba.
Mune mamwe mazwi, tinonzwisisa kufamba kana pasina. Mafirimu ndeimwe muenzaniso wekuoneka kufamba. Kuburikidza nekuenzanisa kwezvigadziri, mafungiro ekunyengera akasika.
"Maitiro" ezvinyorwa "zveGestalt dzidziso inogona kuratidzwa nenzira iyi," Max Wertheimer akanyora. "Kune avole, mararamiro ayo asina kutariswa neavo ega ega, asi apo zvikamu-maitiro zvakagadziriswa ne chimiro chemukati wezvose.
Iko tariro yeGestalt dzidziso yekuona kuti maitiro akadaro ndeapi. "
Major Gestalt Psychologists
Paiva nevanofungidzirwa vakawanda vaive nechinetso paGestalt psychology. Vamwe vezvizivikanwe zvikuru veGestalt vepfungwa dzepfungwa vaisanganisira:
Max Wertheimer : Achifunga somumwe wevatatu vatatu veGestalt psychology, Wertheimer anozivikanwawo nemafungiro ake eep phenomenon. Icho chinoshamisa chinosanganisa kuona mutsara wezvifananidzo zvisizvo mukutsanangurira nokukurumidza kuitira kuti zvive nekunyengera kwekufamba.
Kurt Koffka: Uzive somumwe wevatatu vatatu veGestalt psychology, Kurt Koffka aiva nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye akadzidza nyaya dzakawanda mumagariro evanhu kusanganisira kudzidza, kunzwisisa, uye kutadza kunzwa.
Wolfgang Kohler: Uyewo nheyo inokosha inotangira munhoroondo yehurumende yeGestalt, Kohler akakurumbirawo muchidimbu chidzidzo cheGestalt achiti, "Zvose zvakasiyana nemari yezvikamu zvayo." Akange akazivikanwawo nekutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pokugadzirisa matambudziko , kutsoropodza kwake kwekutsvaga kwekushandiswa kunoshandiswa nevakaronga kuti vaongorore pfungwa dzomunhu, uye kupikisa kune tsika.
Gestalt Mitemo yeNzwisiso Sangano
Wati wambocherechedza here kuti mhando dzezviedza zvinopenya zvinowanzoonekwa sezviri kufamba sei, zvakadai sezviratidzo zvepaon kana zvigaro zveKrisimasi?
Maererano neGestalt psychology, izvi zvinooneka kushamwaridzana zvinoitika nekuti pfungwa dzedu dzinozadza ruzivo rwakashaikwa. Kutenda kwekuti yose yakakura kudarika chiyero chezvikamu chimwe nechimwe chakaita kuti kuwanikwa kwezviitiko zvakasiyana siyana zvinowanikwa panguva yekuona.
Kuti vanzwisise zviri nani manzwiro anoita vanhu, Gestalt psychologists akatsanangura mitemo yemitemo yekunzwisisa , kusanganisira mitemo yekufananidza, Pragnanz, pedyo, kuramba, nekuvhara.
Mutemo wekufananidza unoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakafanana zvinowanzobatanidzwa pamwechete. Kana zvinhu zvakawanda zviri muchiitiko zvakafanana kune mumwe, iwe pachazvo unozviunganidza pamwe chete uye unozviona sezvose.
Semuenzaniso, ruzhinji rwezvikwata kana zvikwata zvakaiswa pamwe chete zvichaonekwa semaketani emakoroni pane kungoita maumbirwo ega.
Mutemo wekuswedera pedyo unoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakaswededzwa zvinowanzoonekwa seboka. Kana iwe ukaona vanhu vazhinji vakamira pedyo, semuenzaniso, iwe unogona kufunga nokukurumidza kuti ivo vose vari chikamu cheboka rimwechete revanhu.
Pane imwe resitorendi, somuenzaniso, mutariri kana muenzi weimba anogona kufunga kuti vanhu vakagara pedyo kune mumwe munharaunda yekumirira vari pamwe chete uye vanobvunza kana vakagadzirira kugara. Muzvokwadi, vanogona kunge vakagara pedyo pedyo nokuti kune nzvimbo shomanana munzvimbo yekumirira kana kuti iyo ndiyo yaiva yega nzvimbo dzakagadzirika.
Gestalt Psychology yakabatsirawo kujekesa pfungwa yokuti maonero evanhu haasi kungoona zviripo chaizvo munyika inotitenderedza. Zvakawanda zvatinoona zvakakanganiswa zvikuru nezvatinokurudzira uye zvatinotarisira.
Shoko Rinobva
Gestalt psychology yakatarisana nekushorwa, kunyanya mune izvo zvakawanda zvepfungwa dzaro zvingave zvakaoma kutsanangura uye kuongorora zvakaongororwa. Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi ingave yakarasikirwa nehuzivi sechikoro chekuzvimirira chepfungwa mune zvepfungwa, pfungwa dzayo dziri pakati dzakabatsira zvikuru pamunda wepfungwa yepamusoro.
Gestalt psychology yakawanda yakave yakabatanidzwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepfungwa, asi yakange ine simba guru. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakakurudzirwa nemitemo yeGestalt psychology kusanganisira Kurt Lewin naKurt Goldstein vakapfuurira kuita zvipo zvakakosha kumapfungwa. Mhedziso yokuti yose yakasiyana nedzimwe nhengo dzayo yakabatanidzwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo kusanganisira kunzwisisa kwedu kwouropi uye mararamiro evanhu.
> Sources:
> Hergenhahn, BR. Kutanga kuNhoroondo yePsychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Kudzidza; 2009.
> Koffka, K. Mitemo yeGestalt Psychology. Oxford: Routledge; 2014.