Kunyatsoongorora Zvikoro Zvikuru zvePsychology
Apo mafungiro epfungwa akatanga kuve senziya yakasiyana kubva kune biology nefilosofi, nharo pamusoro pekutsanangura uye kutsanangura pfungwa dzevanhu uye maitiro zvakatanga. Zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa dzinofananidzira mazano makuru mukati mepfungwa.
Chikoro chekutanga chefungiro, structuralism, chakatsigirwa nemusimboti wekutanga yekuongorora nezvepfungwa, Wilhelm Wundt .
Anenge pakarepo, dzimwe dzidziso dzakatanga kubuda uye dzichida kutonga mune zvepfungwa.
Munguva yakapfuura, mazvikokota ezvepfungwa vanogara vachizviona ivo voga nechikoro chimwe chekufunga. Nhasi, vazhinji vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanove nemaonero akasiyana nezvepfungwa. Vanowanzotora pfungwa nemanzwiro kubva kune zvikoro zvakasiyana pane kubatirira kune imwechete.
Izvi zvinotevera zvimwe zvikoro zvekufunga zvakakonzera ruzivo rwedu uye kunzwisisa kwepfungwa:
Structuralism uye Functionalism: Zvikoro Zvokutanga zvekufunga
Structuralism inowanikwa vakawanda sechikoro chekutanga chepfungwa mupfungwa. Mafungiro aya aireva kuputsa kukanganisa kwepfungwa mukati mezvinhu zvakakosha zvikamu. Mafungiro makuru anofambidzana nehupfumi anosanganisira Wilhelm Wundt uye Edward Titchener. Pfungwa dzekugadzirisa maitiro ndezvekudzikisa mafungiro emagariro kusvika mune zvavanonyanya kukosha. Va structuralists vakashandisa nzira dzakadai sekutsvaga kufungisisa mukati maitiro e pfungwa dzevanhu.
Basa rekushanda rakaumbwa senzira yekuita kune zvidzidzo zvechikoro che structuralist uye chakakanganiswa zvikuru nebasa raWilliam James . Kusiyana nezvimwe zvikoro zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvepfungwa mumapfungwa, kushanda hakusi kushamwaridzana nemumwe mukuru mukuru wevanodzidzisa. Pane kudaro, kune vamwe vakasiyana-siyana vanofunga nezvehutano hunobatanidza nemaonero aya kusanganisira John Dewey , James Rowland Angell, naHarvey Carr.
Munyori David Hothersall zvinyorwa, zvisinei, kuti vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanotozvibvunza kuti basa rinofanira kuonekwa sechikoro chepamusoro chepfungwa nguva dzose kana isisina mutungamiriri wepamusoro kana kuti zvakagadzirwa zvakagadzirwa pfungwa.
Panzvimbo pekuisa pfungwa pahutano hwekufunga ivo pachavo, vashandi vanofunga nezvemagariro vanga vari panzvimbo iyo vanofarira basa iro izvi zvinotamba.
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt psychology is chikoro chepfungwa dzinovakirwa pamusoro wekuti tinoona zvinhu sezvese zvakabatana. Iyi nzira yekufunga nezvepfungwa yakatanga muGermany neAustria munguva yekupedzisira kwezana remakore rechi19 mukupindura maitiro ekunyora kwemasvomhu. Panzvimbo pokuputsa pfungwa nemafambiro kune zviduku zviduku, gestalt psychologists vaitenda kuti unofanira kutarisa zvose zvakaitika. Maererano neVaGestalt vanofunga, zvose zvakakura kudarika chiyero chezvikamu zvayo.
Chikoro cheChirangariro cheChirangariro cheChirangariro chePfungwa mu Psychology
Unhu hwekuita hunova chikoro chikuru chekufunga mukati me1950s. Yakanga yakavakirwa pabasa revanofunga zvakadai sokuti:
Kuita maitiro kunoratidzira kuti maitiro ose anogona kutsanangurwa nezvikonzero zvinokonzerwa nemasikirwo panzvimbo pane mukati memasimba. Unhu hwekuita huri pamusoro pekuzvibata .
Nzira dzekudzidza dzinosanganisira classical conditioning uye kushanda mafungiro ndizvo zvakanyanya kutsvakurudza.
Chikoro chekuzvibata chepfungwa yepamusoro chaive nechinonyanya kukosha pakufamba kwepfungwa, uye dzakawanda zvepfungwa nemaitiro akabuda kubva muchikoro chekufunga achiri kushandiswa zvikuru nhasi. Kudzidzira maitiro, hupfumi hwechiratidzo, aversion therapy uye dzimwe nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa mune zvepfungwa uye maitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro.
The Psychoanalytic School of Thought
Psychoanalysis iyi chikoro chepfungwa yakagadzirwa naSagmund Freud . Ichi chikoro chepfungwa chakasimbisa kukanganisa kwepfungwa dzisina ruzivo pane mufambiro.
Freud aidavira kuti pfungwa yevanhu yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvitatu: id, ego, uye superego . Iyo id inosanganisira zvinokurudzira zvakanyanya apo iyo ego ndiyo chikamu cheunhu hunopomerwa nekubata neichoicho. Icho chouperego chikamu cheunhu hunobata zvese zvinangwa uye maitiro atinoita kubva kuvabereki vedu netsika. Freud aidavira kuti kubatana kwezvinhu izvi zvitatu ndiko kwakatungamirira kune zvose zvakaoma maitiro evanhu.
Chikoro cheFrud chekufunga chakanga chakakura zvikuru, asi chakaitawo nharo huru. Iyi nharo yakanga isipo kwete munguva yake chete, asiwo mune zvekukurukurirana zvemazuva ano zveFurud's theories. Mamwe makuru makuru ekufunga nezvepfungwa inosanganisira:
The Humanistic School of Thought
Humanistic psychology yakagadziriswa semhinduro kune psychoanalysis uye kuzvibata. Humanistic Psychology panzvimbo pacho yakarongedzera kune munhu oga kuzvisarudzira, kukura kwomunhu oga uye pfungwa yekuzvipira-kugadzirisa . Kunyange zvazvo zvikoro zvokutanga zvepfungwa zvaive zvakanyanyoenderana nehutsika hwevanhu, mafungiro evanhu evanhu akasiyana zvikuru mukusimbisa kwavo kubatsira vanhu kuti vaite uye vagozadzisa zvavanogona.
Mafungiro makuru ekufungidzira vanhu anosanganisira:
Humanistic psychology inoramba yakakurumbira mazuva ano uye yakave nechinonyanya kukosha pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzepfungwa dzinobatanidza maitiro akanaka epfungwa . Iri rimwe ruzivo rwepfungwa rinonyanya kubatsira mukurarama vanhu vanofara, vachizadza upenyu huzhinji.
The Cognitive School of Psychology
Cognitive Psychological is school of psychology inodzidza mafungiro evanhu kusanganisira vanhu vanofunga, kuona, kuyeuka nekudzidza. Sezvo chikamu chemazano makuru ekusaziva, sangano iri rezvepfungwa rinobatanidza nedzimwe kuraira kusanganisira neuroscience, philosophy, uye linguistics.
Kwenyanzvi hwepfungwa yakatanga kubuda mukati me1950, zvichida semhinduro kune unhu. Vatsoropodzi vehutungamiri vakaona kuti zvakakundikana kukonzera kuti mukati maitiro zvakakanganisa sei maitiro. Iyi nguva dzimwe nguva inonzi "pfungwa yekugadzirisa" sehupfumi hwekutsvakurudza pane nyaya dzakadai sekugadziriswa kwemashoko, mutauro, chiyeuchidzo, nekuziva zvakatanga kubuda.
Imwe yenzira dzakanyanyisa dzidziso dzechikoro ichi chekufunga dzaive mapoka ekunyatsoziva kwekugadzirwa kwemazano akataurwa naJean Piaget.
Shoko Rinobva
Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe zvikoro zvepfungwa zvakasvibira mukati, mumwe nomumwe ave ane simba pamakore ekugadzirwa kwepfungwa. Zvimwe zvikoro zvenguva ichangopfuura zvepfungwa, kusanganisira maitiro uye hutano hwepfungwa, dzinoramba dziine simba. Nhasi, vazhinji vanofunga nezvepfungwa havafananidzi nechikoro chimwe chekufunga. Pane kudaro, vanogona kutora nzira yakajeka yekutaura, kusvitsa pane maonero akasiyana siyana uye maitiro ezvinyorwa.
> Sources:
> Hergenhahn, BR. Kutanga kuNhoroondo yePsychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2009.
> Wertheimer, M. A Nhoroondo Yepfupi yeMapfungwa. New York: Psychology Press; 2012.