Erik Erikson Biography (1902-1994)

Erik Erikson ndiye anonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuda kwekodzero yake yakakurumbira yekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa nehutano uye pfungwa yekuzivikanwa kwematambudziko . Zvinyorwa zvake zvakaratidza kuchinja kunokosha mukufunga nezveunhu; pane kungoisa pfungwa pazvinhu zvese zvemucheche, pfungwa yake yepfungwa inotarisa maitiro ehutano hunoita kuti tive nehupenyu hwedu muhupenyu hwedu hwose.

"Tariro ndiyo yekutanga uye yakanakisisa inokosha inowanikwa muhupenyu hwehupenyu.Kana hupenyu huri kusimbiswa tariro inofanira kugara, kunyange apo kuvimba kwakakuvadzwa, kuvimba kwekutenda." -Erik Erikson, Erik Erikson Reader , 2000

Erikson's Notoriety

Erikson nheyo yepakati yekusimudzirwa kwepfungwa dzakagadzira chido nekutsvakurudza pamusoro pekusimudzirwa kwevanhu kuburikidza nehupenyu hwose. Imwe nyanzvi yepfungwa iyo yakadzidza naAna Freud, Erikson yakurudzira chidzidzo chepfungwa yepfungwa kuburikidza nekuongorora kubudirira muhupenyu hwose, kusanganisira zviitiko zvehucheche, hukuru, uye kukwegura.

Childhood

Erik Erikson akazvarwa musi waJune 15, 1902, muFrankfurt, Germany. Amai vake vechidiki vechiJudha, Karla Abrahamsen, vakasimudza Erik pachavo pachavo vasati varoora chiremba, Dr. Theodor Homberger. Ichokwadi chokuti Homberger akanga asiri, chaizvoizvo, baba vake chaivo vakavanzwa kubva kuna Erikson kwemakore mazhinji. Apo paakazopedzisira adzidza chokwadi, Erikson akasara ane manzwiro ekuvhiringidzika kuti ndiani aimbova ani.

"Nyaya yakajairika ndeyekuti amai vake nababa vake vakaparadzana asati aberekwa, asi chokwadi chakanyatsochengetedzwa ndechokuti akanga ari mwana wamai vake kubva pamubatanidzwa wekusununguka. Haana kumboona baba vake vakaberekwa kana amai vake vokutanga." - Erikson obituary, The New York Times, Chivabvu 13, 1994

Izvi zvakaitika kare zvakabatsira kufarira kufarira kwake pakuumbwa kwehuzivi.

Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvingaita sezvinongova chirevo chinonakidza pamusoro penhaka yake, chakavanzika pamusoro pekuberekwa kwaErikson chizvarwa chakashanda sechimwe chezvinhu zvakakonzera mushure mekuda kwake mukuzivikanwa maitiro. Iye aizotevera akajekesa kuti semucheche aigara achishungurudzika pamusoro pekuti aiva ani uye kuti akazopinda sei munharaunda yake.

Kufarira kwake mukuzivikanwa kwakawedzerwa kuburikidza nezvakaitika kwaari pachikoro. Pachikoro chake chechiJudha chetembere, akange achinyengerwa nokuti akanga ari murefu, maziso ezvebhuruu, blonde, mukomana waRodic-akatarisa akamira pakati pevamwe vana. Pachikoro chegirama, akarambwa nekuda kwechiJudha. Zviitiko izvi zvepakutanga zvakabatsira kufarira kufarira kwake mukuzivikanwa kwakarongeka uye akapfuurira kuchinja basa rake muupenyu hwake hwose.

Muduku Hukuru

Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti Erikson haana kumbobvumirwa nedhigiriji yemishonga kana psychology. Paaidzidza paDas Humanistische Gymnasium, ainyanya kufarira munyaya dzakadai seyakaitika, chiLatin, uye unyanzvi. Baba vake vokurera, chiremba, vaida kuti aende kuchikoro chezvechiremba, asi Erikson panzvimbo pacho akaita pfupi pfupi pachikoro chekugadzira. Nenguva isipi akadonha kunze uye akapedza nguva achidzungaira kuEurope neshamwari uye achifungisisa kuti ndiani.

Yakanga iri kukokwa kubva kune shamwari yakamutumira kuti atore nzvimbo yekudzidzisa pachikoro chinopfuurira chakagadzirwa naDorothy Burlingham, shamwari yaAna Freud's .

Freud munguva pfupi akacherechedza hukama hwaErikson nevana uye vakamukurudzira kuti aongorore kudzidza psychoanalysis . Erikson pakupedzisira akagamuchira zviti zviviri kubva kuMontessori Teachers Association uye kubva kuVienna Psychoanalytic Institute.

Akaramba achishanda naBurlingham naFreud pachikoro kwemakore anoverengeka, vakasangana naSigmund Freud pamutambo, uye vakazova murwere waAnn Freud. "Psychoanalysis yakanga isiri yakadaro," Erikson akayeuka.

"Ndakabhadhara Miss Freud $ 7 pamwedzi, uye takasangana anenge mazuva ose ... Kuongorora kwangu, kwakandipa kuzviziva , kwakanditungamirira kuti ndirege kutya kuva ini.Tisashandise iyo yose pseudoscientific mazwi iyo- defense mechanism uye yakafanana -ndiwo nzira yekuzviziva, inorwadza pane dzimwe nguva, yakabuda mune imwe nzvimbo yakasununguka. "

Mhuri uye Makore Makore

Erikson akasangana nemudzidzisi wekuDancana ainzi Joan Serson uyo aidzidzisawo pachikoro kwaakashanda. Vakaroorana vakaroora muna 1930 uye vakazova nevana vatatu. Mwanakomana wake, Kai T. Erikson, nyanzvi yezvemagariro eAmerica anozivikanwa.

Erikson akatamira kuUnited States muna 1933 uye, pasinei nokuti asina chikoro chepamutemo, akapiwa nzvimbo yekudzidzisa paHarvard Medical School. Akashandurawo zita rake kubva kuna Erik Homberger kuna Erik H. Erikson, zvichida senzira yekuzvidzivirira. Mukuwedzera pane chinzvimbo chake paHarvard, iyewo aive nemuitiro wega woga muhutano hwepfungwa.

Gare gare, aive nedzidzo dzekudzidzisa kuYunivhesiti yeKalifornia kuBerkeley, Yale, yeSan Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute, Austen Riggs Center, uye Center for Advanced Studies of the Behavioral Sciences.

Akabudisa mabhuku akawanda pamusoro penyaya dzake nekutsvakurudza, kusanganisira "Childhood uye Society" ne "The Life Cycle Completed." Bhuku rake "Gandhi's Truth" rakapiwa Pulitzer Prize uye National Book Award.

8 Maitiro ePfungwa

Erikson akanga ari nyanzvi yezvemagariro eFeudhiya uyo akabvuma zvizhinji zvemashoko epamusoro eFranudian asi akawedzera maonero ake uye zvitendero. Nheyo yake yekukura kwepfungwa yepfungwa inowanikwa pane izvo zvinozivikanwa se epigenetic chirevo , chinoratidzira kuti vanhu vose vanofamba mumatanho masere. Pane imwe nhanho, vanhu vanotarisana nedambudziko rinoda kugadziriswa kubudirira kuitira kukudziridza hutano hwepfungwa mukati memutsara mumwe nomumwe.

Zvikamu zvisere zveErikson's psychosocial theory chimwe chinhu icho mudzidzi wepfungwa dzose anodzidza pamusoro pavanotsvaga nhoroondo yehupenyu hwepfungwa. Zvakawanda sa psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, Erikson akatenda kuti unhu hunobuda mumatanho akawanda. Nharo yaErikson yakaratidza kushanduka kubva munharaunda yaFrud's psychosexual mukuti inotsanangura kukanganisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu munharaunda yose yeupenyu pane kungoisa pfungwa pazviitiko zvehucheche.

Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwaFrud rwekufunga nezvekufunga nezvepfungwa rwepabonde rinoguma panguva yekukura, pfungwa yaErikson yakatsanangura kubudirira kuburikidza nehupenyu hwose kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakufa.

Masiteji masere anokosha aakatsanangura aiva:

1. Kutendeseka vs. Vakatenda: Iyi danho rinoitika pakati pemakore ekuberekwa uye makore maviri uye rinonyanya pakuvandudza pfungwa yekuvimba nevatarisi uye nyika. Vana vanotambira kutarisa vanogona kukudziridza hutano hwepfungwa hwetariro.
2. Kuzvimiririra vs. Shame uye Kukahadzika: Uyu danho rinoitika pakati pemakore maviri nemakore matatu uye rinosanganisira kuwana ruzivo rwekusununguka uye kuzvidzora. Kubudirira mubasa iri kunobvumira vanhu kukura uye kuda.
3. Kutanga nekutonga: Kubva pakati pemakore matatu ne6, vana vanotanga kutsvaga mamiriro avo ezvinhu uye vanoedza kunyanya kuronga pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvavo. Nokugadzirisa zvakajeka chikamu ichi, vana vanogona kukudziridza pfungwa yechinangwa.
4. Indasitiri vs. Inferiority: Chikamu chinowanikwa pakati pemakore anenge 5 ne11 chakanyanyisa pakuvandudza manzwiro ekuzvikudza nekuzviita. Kubudirira panguva ino mukurudziro kunounza pfungwa yekukwanisa.
5. Kuzivikanwa vs. Kusanganiswa: Makore ekuyaruka inguva yekutsvaga pachedu. Vaya vanogona kubudirira kuburikidza nehutano hwakanaka vanovaka pfungwa yekuvimbika. Avo vasina kuzadzisa danga iri zvakanaka vanogona kusiiwa vachifunga kuti vakavhiringidzika nezvebasa ravo uye nzvimbo yavo muupenyu.
6. Kushamwaridzana nekusangana: Kugoverwa: Nhanho inotangira mukukura kwevanhu vakuru ndeyekuumba hukama hwakanaka nevamwe. Kubudirira kunounza kukwanisa kuumba zvakagadzirirwa, kusingaperi, nekukudziridza ukama nevamwe.
7. Generativity vs. Kutarisa: Pachitambo chinoitika panguva yehukuru hwevanhu vakuru, vanhu vanonetseka nekupa chimwe chinhu kune zvevanhu uye vanosiya mararamiro avo pasi rose. Kurera mhuri uye kuva nebasa zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha zvinobatsira kubudirira panguva iyi.
8. Kuvimbika nekutsakatika: Chikamu chokupedzisira chekugadzirwa kwepfungwa mupfungwa chinoitika pakupera kwekukura uye kunosanganisira kufungidzira shure kwehupenyu. Avo vanotarisa kumashure uye vanonzwa manzwiro ekugutsikana vanova nepfungwa yekuvimbika neuchenjeri, nepo avo vakasara vane kuzvidemba vanogona kunetseka uye kuora mwoyo.

Erikson uye Crisis Identity

Wati wambonzwa uchinetseka pamusoro penzvimbo yako muupenyu kana kuti kwete chokwadi kana iwe unonyatsoziva iwe chaiye iwe? Kana zvakadaro, ungangodaro uri kutarisana nematambudziko. Erikson akabatanidza izwi rokuti "kusaziva" uye akatenda kuti yaiva imwe yenharo dzinokosha dzinotarisana nevanhu panguva yekuvandudza. Maererano naErikson, kusaziva kusaziva ndeye nguva yekuongorora zvakanyanya nekutsvaga nzira dzakasiyana dzekutarisa iwe pachako.

Contributions to Psychology

Erik Erikson akapedza nguva achidzidza mararamiro eupenyu hweSioux weSouth Dakota uye Yurok yekuchamhembe kweCalifornia. Akashandisa ruzivo rwaakawana pamusoro pemagariro, zvakatipoteredza, uye zvekugarisana kwevanhu kuti awedzere kufambira mberi pfungwa yake yepfungwa.

Kunyange zvazvo fungidziro yaFrud yakanga iine pfungwa dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzekusimudzira, kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kweErikson kune mamwe maitiro kwakabatsira kuparadzira nekuwedzera psychoanalytic dzidziso. Akakonzerawo kuti tinzwisise hupenyu sezvazvakagadzirwa uye zvakaumbwa pamusoro penzira yeupenyu.

Kucherechedza kwake kwevana kwakabatsirawo kuisa danho rekutsvakurudza mberi. "Unoona mwana achitamba," akadzokororwa achitaura muNew York Times obituary,

"uye iri pedyo nekuona pani yevanyori, nokuti pakutamba mwana anotaura zvinhu asingatauri shoko, iwe unogona kuona kuti anogadzirisa matambudziko ake sei iwe unogona kuona chakaipa.vana vaduku, kunyanya, vane unyanzvi hwakakura, uye zvose zviri mukati mavo zvinomuka zvichienda kumusoro pasina kutamba. "

Sarudza Mabhuku

Heano mamwe emabasa Erikson okuwedzera kuverenga:

• Erikson EH. Childhood uye Society. New York: Norton; 1950.
• Erikson EH. Chinozivikanwa: Vechidiki uye Matambudziko. New York: Norton; 1968.
• Erikson EH. Upenyu Nhoroondo uye Historical Moment. New York: Norton; 1975.
• Erikson EH. Hurukuro naErik Erikson. Evans RI, ed. Jason Aronson, Inc .; 1995.

Biographies

• Friedman LJ. Identity's Architect; Bhuku raErik H. Erikson. Scribner Book Co; 1999.
• Coles R. Erik H. Erikson: Kukura Kwebasa Rake. Boston: Little, Brown; 1970.

> Sources:

> Erik Erikson, 91, Psychoanalyst Avo Vakashandura Maonero Ekukura Kwevanhu, Vanofa. The New York Times. Yakabudiswa musi waMay 13, 1994.

> Erikson EH. Erik Erikson Reader. Coles R, ed. WW Norton uye Company; 2000.