Erik Erikson akanga ari nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yakagadzira imwe yenhau dzakakurumbira uye dzakanyanyisa dzekuvandudza. Kunyange zvazvo chidzidzo chake chakanga chakakanganiswa nebasa rezvepfungwa dzepfungwa rinonzi Sigmund Freud, basa raErikson raitaura nezvekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa mune zvepfungwa pane kufambira mberi kwepabonde . Zvikamu zvinoumba dzidziso yake ndeyotevera:
- Nhanho 1 - Kutenda vs. Kutenda
- Nhanho 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame uye kusava nechokwadi
- Nhanho 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt
- Nhanho 4 - Indasitiri vs. Inferiority
- Nhanho 5 - Kuzivikanwa nekusanganiswa
- Nhanho 6 - Kushamwaridzana nekusangana
- Nhanho 7 - Generativity vs. Kusangana
- Nhanho 8 - Kuvimbika nekuputsika
Ngatitarisei zvakatarira mamiriro ezvinhu uye zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoumba Erikson's psychosocial theory.
Chii Chinonzi Kuvandudzwa Kwepfungwa?
Saka zvakanyatsozivikanwa naErikson nharo yekufambisa mupfungwa mupfungwa? Zvakawanda saSimmund Freud , Erikson vaitenda kuti humwe hunoitwa mumutsara wezvikamu. Kusiyana nedzidziso yaFredud yezvikamu zvepfungwa zvepabonde, nharo yaErikson yakarondedzera kukanganisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu munharaunda yose yeupenyu. Erikson aifarira kuti kushamwaridzana kwemagariro evanhu uye hukama hwakabatanidzwa sei mukusimudzira nekukura kwevanhu.
Nhanho imwe neimwe munyaya yeErikson inowedzera pamatanho ekutanga uye inovhura nzira yekufamba kwenguva dzekufambira mberi.
Muchikamu chega chega, Erikson akatenda kuti vanhu vanoona kupesana kunoshandiswa sekuchinja kwekuvandudza. Mune maonero aErikson, kukakavadzana uku kunonyanya kuve nekuvandudza unhu hwepfungwa kana kukundikana kukudziridza hutano. Munguva idzi, kukwanisa kwekukura kwevanhu pachako kwakakosha asi ndizvo zvinogona kukanganisa.
Kana vanhu vakabudirira kugadzirisa kukakavara, vanobuda kubva pachigamba ne simba rezvepfungwa richavashandira zvakanaka kwehupenyu hwavo hwose. Kana vakakundikana kubata nematambudziko aya, vanogona kunge vasina kukudziridza unyanzvi hunokosha hunodiwa kuti uve nepfungwa yakasimba yega.
Erikson aidavirawo kuti pfungwa yekukwanisa inokurudzira maitiro uye zviito. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe munyaya yeErikson inoshuva kuva nekwanisi mune imwe nzvimbo yehupenyu. Kana danho racho rakatariswa zvakanaka, munhu wacho anonzwa manzwiro ekutonga, ayo anowanzonzi ego simba kana ego. Kana iyo sarudzo inotarisirwa zvakanaka, munhu wacho achabva aine pfungwa yekushaya kukwana mumamiriro ezvinhu ekufambisa.
Psychosocial Stage 1 - Kutenda vs. Kutenda
Chikamu chekutanga chetsika yeErikson yekukura kwepfungwa mupfungwa inowanikwa pakati pekuberekwa uye gore rimwe rezera uye ndiyo nheyo inokosha muupenyu.
Nokuti mwana mucheche anozvivimba zvachose, kuwedzera kuvimba kunobva pane kuvimbika uye kunaka kwevatarisiri vemwana. Panguva ino mukurudzirwa, mwana wacho anonyanya kuvimba nevatarisi vakura pane zvose zvaanoda kupona zvinosanganisira zvokudya, rudo, kushuva, kuchengeteka, nekugadzirisa.
Zvose. Kana muchengeti asingakwanisi kupa rubatsiro rwakakwana uye rudo, mwana achauya kuzonzwa kuti iye haagoni kuvimba kana kuvimba nevakuru muhupenyu hwake.
Kana mwana akabudirira kuwedzera kuvimba, iye achanzwa akaneteka uye akachengeteka munyika. Vanotarisira avo vasingawirirani, vane mafungiro asina kufanira, kana kuramba kubatsira kuita manzwiro okusatenda kune vana vari pasi pavo. Kukundikana kukudziridza kuvimba kuchaita kuti kutya nekutenda kuti nyika isinganzwisisiki uye isingazivikanwi.
Ichokwadi, hapana mwana arikudziridza pfungwa ye100 muzana kuvimba kana 100 muzana kunetseka. Erikson akatenda kuti kubudirira kubudirira kwaiva pamusoro pekukwanisa kuenzanisa mukati pakati pemativi maviri akasiyana.
Kana izvi zvikaitika, vana vanowana tariro, iyo Erikson inotsanangura sekusununguka kwekunzwa shungu nekumwe hondo iyo ingangove iripo.
Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame uye Douka
Chikamu chechipiri chetsika yeErikson yekukura kwepfungwa mupfungwa inobvira pahucheche uye inotarisa kuvana vanovandudza pfungwa huru yekuzvitonga.
Panguva ino mukurudzirwa, vana vari kungotanga kuwana rusununguko ruduku. Vari kutanga kuita zviito zvekutanga ivo pachavo uye vachiita zvisarudzo zviri nyore pamusoro pezvavanosarudza. Nokubvumira vana kuti vaite zvisarudzo nekuwana kudzora, vabereki nevanotarisira vanogona kubatsira vana kukudziridza pfungwa yekuzvidzivirira.
Kufanana naFreud, Erikson akatenda kuti kudzidzira chimbudzi kwaive chikamu chinokosha chekuita izvi. Zvisinei, kufunga kwaErikson kwaiva kwakasiyana chaizvo nekwaFranud. Erikson aidavira kuti kudzidzira kudzora mabasa emuviri kunounza kunzwa manzwiro uye pfungwa yekuzvimirira.
Zvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha zvinosanganisira kuwana humwe hutungamiri pamusoro pezvokudya zvekudya, zvido zvekutamba, uye zvokusarudza kusarudza.
Vana vanobudirira kupedza chikamu ichi vanonzwa vakachengeteka uye vane chivimbo, asi avo vasingasiyi vane pfungwa yekushaya kukodzera uye kusazvipira. Erikson aifunga kuti kubudirira pakati pekuzvidzivirira uye kunyadziswa uye kusava nechokwadi kunotungamirira kune kuda, ndiko kutenda kuti vana vanogona kuita nechinangwa, mukati mekufunga nemiganhu.
Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt
Chikamu chechitatu chekusimudzirwa kwepfungwa mupfungwa chinoitika mukati memakore ekutanga.
Panguva ino mukukura kwepfungwa, vana vanotanga kusimbisa simba ravo uye kutonga nyika kuburikidza nekuraira kutamba uye kumwe kushamwaridzana kwevanhu.
Vana vanobudirira pazera iri vanonzwa vanokwanisa uye vanogona kutungamirira vamwe. Vaya vanokundikana kuwana ruzivo urwu vakasara nemanzwiro eine mhosva, kuzvidzora, uye kusava nekutanga.
Apo kuenzanisa kwakanaka kweumwe wekutanga uye chido chekushanda nevamwe kunowanikwa, ego inozivikanwa inozivikanwa se chinangwa chinobuda.
Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority
Chikamu chechina chepfungwa chezvepfungwa chinowanikwa mukati mekutanga kuchikoro kubva pamakore anenge 5 kusvika ku11.
Kuburikidza nekushamwaridzana kwevanhu, vana vanotanga kukudziridza pfungwa yekudada mune zvavanoita uye mano avo. Vana vanokurudzirwa uye vakarumbidzwa nevabereki nevadzidzisi vanokudziridza manzwiro ekukwanisa uye kutenda mune unyanzvi hwavo. Vaya vanogamuchira zvishoma kana kuti kwete kukurudzirwa kubva kuvabereki, vadzidzisi, kana vezera vanozohadzika mano avo okubudirira.
Kugona kubudirira pazera iri rekusimudza pfungwa kwepfungwa kunounza simba rinozivikanwa sekwanisi, umo vana vanovaka kutenda kwavo mano ekugadzirisa mabasa akaiswa pamberi pavo.
Psychosocial Stage 5 - Chinyorwa vs. Kusanganiswa
Chikamu chechishanu chepfungwa chezvepfungwa chinowanikwa munguva dzakawanda dzinotambudza makore ekuyaruka. Iyi danho rinoita basa rinokosha mukudziridza pfungwa yekuzivikanwa kwako pachako iyo inoramba ichinyanya kukanganisa maitiro uye kubudirira kwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwose.
Munguva yekuyaruka, vana vanotsvaga kuzvimiririra kwavo uye vanoita manzwiro ega. Vaya vanogamuchira kukurudzirwa kwakakodzera nekusimbiswa kuburikidza nekutsvakurudza kwavo pachavo vachabva kubva munharaunda iyi vane pfungwa yakasimba yega uye manzwiro ekuzvimirira uye kutonga. Avo vanoramba vasina chokwadi chezvavanoda uye zvido zvavo vachaona vasina kuchengeteka uye vanovhiringidzika pamusoro pavo uye munguva yemberi.
Apo magwepistori anotaura nezvehuzivi, ari kutaura nezvezvose zvinotendwa, zvinangwa, uye maitiro anobatsira kuronga uye kutungamirira mufambiro wemunhu. Kuzadza gwaro rino kubudirira kunotungamirira kutendeseka, iyo Erikson inotsanangura sekwanisi yekurarama nemitemo yevanhu uye zvinotarisirwa.
Apo Erikson aifunga kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chekufambira mberi kwepfungwa mupfungwa chakakosha, akaisa zvakanyanya kusimbisa pakuvandudzwa kwe ego chizivo. Ego zivo ndiyo pfungwa yekuzviziva yekuti tinokura kuburikidza nekubatana kwevanhu uye inova chinangwa chepamusoro panguva yekuzivikanwa nekusanganiswa kwepfungwa yekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa.
Maererano naErikson, ego yedu inozivikanwa nguva dzose nekuda kwezviitiko zvitsva uye ruzivo rwedu rwatinowana mukubata kwedu kwezuva nezuva nevamwe. Sezvo tine zviitiko zvitsva, tinotorawo matambudziko anokwanisa kubatsira kana kudzivisa kukura kwehuzivi.
Kuzivikanwa kwedu pachedu kunopa mumwe nomumwe wedu unhu hwakabatanidzwa uye hwakabatana hunotsungirira kuburikidza nehupenyu huri kunze. Nzwisisiro yedu yekuzivikanwa kwedu yakaumbwa nezvakaitika zvedu nekubatana nevamwe, uye ichi ndicho chikonzero chinobatsira kutungamirira zviito zvedu, zvitendero, uye maitiro apo isu takura.
Psychosocial Stage 6 - Kushamwaridzana neIsolation
Iyi nhanho inobatanidza nguva yekukura kwevanhu vakuru apo vanhu vari kuongorora hukama hwavo.
Erikson akatenda kuti zvakanga zvakakosha kuti vanhu vave nehukama hwepedyo, hune hukama nevamwe vanhu. Vaya vanobudirira padanho rino vachaumba hukama huri kutsungirira uye hwakachengeteka.
Yeuka kuti imwe nhanho inowedzera pane unyanzvi hunoitwa mumatanho apfuura. Erikson aidavira kuti pfungwa yakasimba yekuzivikanwa kweunhu pachayo yakanga yakakosha pakuvandudza hukama hwepedyo. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti avo vane pfungwa dzisina maturo vanowanzova nehukama husina hukama uye vanowanzoshungurudzwa mupfungwa, kusurukirwa , uye kuora mwoyo.
Kubudirira kugadziriswa kwechigadziro ichi kunoguma muhutano hunozivikanwa se rudo. Inoratidzwa nekukwanisa kuumba hukama, hune hukama hwakanaka nevamwe vanhu.
Psychosocial Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Kusangana
Pakukura, tinoramba tichivaka hupenyu hwedu, tichifunga nezvebasa redu nemhuri.
Vaya vanobudirira panguva ino vachaona kuti vari kugovera kunyika kuburikidza nekushanda mumusha wavo uye munzanga. Vaya vanokundikana kuwana chimiro ichi vachanzwa vasingabatsiri uye vasingatauri munyika.
Kuchengetedza ndiko kunaka kunowanikwa kana danho rino rakagadziridzwa kubudirira. Kuzvikudza pamusoro pezvawakaita, kutarisa vana vako kukura kuva vanhu vakuru, uye kukudziridza pfungwa yekubatana nemudiwa wako wehupenyu zvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzirisa chiitiko ichi.
Psychosocial Stage 8 - Kuvimbika nekuputsika
Nharaunda yekupedzisira yepfungwa inowanikwa panguva yekukwegura uye inotarisa kuratidza kumashure kwehupenyu.
Panguva ino mukurudzirwa, vanhu vanotarisa shure nezvezviitiko zvehupenyu hwavo uye vanoona kana vachifara nehupenyu hwavanorarama kana kana vachizvidemba pamusoro pezvinhu zvavakaita kana kuti havana kuita.
Vaya vasina kubudirira panguva iyi vanofunga kuti upenyu hwavo hwave hwakashata uye huchava nekuzvidemba kwakawanda. Munhu wacho achasara ane manzwiro okurwadziwa uye kuora mwoyo.
Avo vanonzwa vachizvikudza pamusoro pezvavanenge vaita vachaona manzwiro ekuvimbika. Kupedza kubudirira kwechikamu ichi zvinoreva kutarisa kumashure nekuzvidemba zvishomanana uye kugutsikana kwekugutsikana. Ava vanhu vachawana uchenjeri, kunyange paanosangana nerufu.
Maitiro ePfungwa Maererano neChirati
Nhanho 1: Kuberekwa (kuberekwa kusvika pamwedzi 18) |
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Basic Conflict: Kutenda vs. Kutenda Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Kudyisa Mugumisiro: Pakati pekutanga kwekusimudzirwa kwepfungwa, vana vanokudziridza pfungwa yekuvimba apo vanochengetedza vanopa kuvimbika, kuchengetedza, uye rudo. Kusakosha kweizvi kuchaita kuti usavimba. |
Nhanho 2: Kubva Muduku (makore maviri kusvika ku3) |
Basic Conflict: Kuzvidzivirira vs. Shame uye Kukahadzika Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Toilet Training Mugumisiro: Vana vanoda kukudziridza pfungwa yekuzvidzora pamusoro peunyanzvi hwepanyama uye pfungwa yekuzvimirira. Potini kudzidzisa inobatsira zvikuru mukubatsira vana kukudziridza pfungwa iyi yekuzvimirira. Vana vanorwisana uye vanonyadziswa nekuda kwezviitiko zvavo vanogona kusara vasina pfungwa yekuzvitonga. Kubudirira panguva ino yekutsvaga kwepfungwa kunotungamirira kumanzwiro ekuzvimirira, kukanganisa kunoguma mumanzwiro ekunyadzisa uye kusava nechokwadi. |
Chikamu chechitatu: Chikoro (makore 3 kusvika ku5) |
Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Kuongorora Mhedzisiro: Vana vanoda kutanga kutonga kutonga uye simba pamusoro pemhepo. Kubudirira mubasa iri kunotungamirira kune chinangwa chechinangwa. Vana vanoedza kushandisa simba rakawanda rekusimba havakwanisi, zvichiguma nemanzwiro ekutadza. |
Nhanho: Chikoro Chikoro (makore 6 kusvika ku11) |
Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Chikoro Mhedzisiro: Vana vanofanira kumira nemitemo mitsva yevanhu uye yezvidzidzo. Kubudirira kunotungamirira kune pfungwa yekuziva, asi kukundikana kunoguma nemanzwiro ekuderera. |
Nhanho: Adolescence (makore 12 kusvika ku18) |
Basic Conflict: Dhiyabhorosi vs. Basa Rakavhiringidzika Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Utano hweHuzhinji Mhedzisiro: Vechiduku vanoda kukudziridza pfungwa yekuti ivo pachavo uye hunozivikanwa pachavo. Kubudirira kunotungamirira kune unyanzvi hwekugara wakarurama kune iwe pachako, asi kukanganisa kunotungamirira mukuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa uye pfungwa isina simba yega. |
Nhanho: Vechiduku Vakuru (makore 19 kusvika ku40) |
Basic Conflict: Kushamwaridzana neIsolation Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Ukama Mhedzisiro: Vechiduku vakuru vanofanira kuumba hukama hwepedyo, hune rudo nevamwe vanhu. Kubudirira kunotungamirira kune hukama hwakasimba, asi kukundikana kunoguma mukusurukirwa uye kuparadzaniswa. |
Nhanho: Middle Middlehood (makore makumi mana kusvika makumi matanhatu nemashanu) |
Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Kupera Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Basa uye Parenthood Mhedzisiro: Vakuru vanoda kugadzira kana kuchengetedza zvinhu zvinenge zvichiitika kwavari, kazhinji nekuva nevana kana kugadzira kuchinja kwakanaka kunobatsira vamwe vanhu. Kubudirira kunounza manzwiro ekubatsira uye kubudirira, asi kukanganisa kunoguma nekubatanidzwa kwakadzama munyika. |
Nhanho: Kukura (65 kusvika pakufa) |
Basic Conflict: Ego Kuvimbika nekupesana Zviitiko Zvinokosha: Kufungisisa nezvehupenyu Mugumisiro: nharo yaErikson yakasiyana nedzimwe dzakawanda nokuti yakataura nezvekukura mukati mehupenyu hwose, kusanganisira kukwegura. Vanhu vakuru vakwegura vanofanira kutarisa kumashure pamusoro pehupenyu uye vanonzwa manzwiro ekuzadzika. Kubudirira panguva ino kunounza manzwiro euchenjeri, asi kukanganisa kunoguma nokuzvidemba, kutsamwa, uye kuora mwoyo. Panguva ino, vanhu vanoratidzira shure nezvezviitiko zvehupenyu hwavo uye vanotora zvigadzirwa. Avo vanotarisa kumashure pane hupenyu vavanofunga kuti hwakararama huchava vakagutsikana uye vakagadzirira kutarisana nemagumo ehupenyu hwavo nechinangwa cherugare. Avo vanotarisa kumashure uye vanongonzwa kuzvidemba vachinyanya kunzwa vachivhunduka kuti hupenyu hwavo huchaguma vasina kuita zvinhu zvavanofunga kuti vanofanira kuva nazvo. |
Shoko Rinobva
Nharo yaErikson inewo kukwana kwayo uye kutsoropodza. Ndezvipi zviitiko zvakakosha kuti ugone kupedza sarudzo imwe neimwe? Munhu anotama sei kubva pane imwe nhanho kusvika kune inotevera? Imwe huru yekushaya simba kwepfungwa dzepfungwa ndeyekuti nzira chaiyo yekugadzirisa kukakavadzana nekufamba kubva pane imwe nhanho kusvika kune inotevera haina kunyatsorondedzerwa kana kuumbwa. Iyo nyanzvi inokundikana zvakadzama chaizvo kuti ndeapi rudzi rwezviitiko zvakakosha pane imwe nhanho kuitira kuti ugadzirise matambudziko acho nekubudirira uye enda kune imwe nzvimbo inotevera.
Imwe yezvakanaka zvepfungwa dzepfungwa ndeyekuti inopa ruzivo rwakakura kubva kune iyo yekuona kubudirira mukati mehupenyu hwose. Inotibvumirawo kusimbisa hutsika hwevanhu uye hutano hunokosha hukama hwemagariro evanhu huri kubudirira.
Vatsvakurudzi vakawana uchapupu hunotsigira pfungwa dzaErikson pamusoro pehuzivi uye vakaramba vachiona zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehuzivi hwekuzivikanwa. Imwe tsvakurudzo inofananidzira zvakare kuti vanhu vanovaka zvakasimba mazita avo munguva yevechiri kuyaruka vanokwanisa kuumba hukama hwepedyo munguva yekukura.
> Sources:
> Erikson, EH Utano neSosi. (2nd ed.). New York: Norton; 1993.
> Erikson, EH & Erikson, JM. Upenyu Hweupenyu Hwakapedzwa. New York: Norton; 1998.
> Carver, CS & Scheir, MF. Mafungiro Pamunhu . Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2011.