Tinonzwa zvakawanda nezvekuita zvinodhaka mumazuva ano - kuti vanhu vanogona kupindwa muropa nedoro nedzimwe mishonga, asi kune mabasa anoita seasina mhosva sekuita zvepabonde, kutenga, mitambo yemavhidhiyo, kubhejera, kudya, uye kurovedza muviri. Asi ivo vanodhakwa here?
Chimwe chinhu chinopesana mumunda wekusagadzikana ndechekuti izvo zvinonzi "tsika" zvinodhakwa - zvinodhaka kune zvakadai sekudya, kuita zvepabonde, zvepabonde, video yemutambo kutamba, uye kubhejera - zvipembenene zvechokwadi.
Asi pfungwa dzekudhakwa dzakashanduka pamusoro pemakore, uye nyanzvi dzinopesana mukunzwisisa kwavo kuti chii chinodhaka, zvekuti kusvikira kubvumirana kwasvika, mhirizhonga inogona kuramba ichienderera mberi. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvakave zvadzidzwa mumakore gumi apfuura, kubva pakugadzirisa kwekupedzisira kuDaagnostic uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) yakabudiswa. Nekunyorwa kunotevera kwepamusoro pekona, tinogona kuona tsanangudzo yakajeka yekusvuta.
Current Status
Nzvimbo yezvino yehutano hwekuzvibata haisati yakwana. Isu tiri pane cusp yebhuku idzva uye rakamirira kwenguva refu reDaagnostic uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders, iro richabatanidza nekutsvakurudza nekupikisana kupfuura kare kare. Kunyange zvazvo kusimba kwakasimba kwezvipembenene vadzidzisi uye maonero evanhu vanotsigira kuonekwa kwekusagadzikana kwezviito zvakadai sekubhejera, zvepabonde, kutengesa, mavhidhiyo yemutambo kutamba, internet, kudya, uye kurovedza muviri, zvinoramba zvichionekwa kana American Psychiatric Association (APA) , uyo anokurudzira, kunyora nekudhinda DSM, achaunza izvo zvinodhaka pamwe chete pasi pechikwata chitsva, kana kuti acharamba akabatana nezvinetso zvine chokuita nezvinhu.
Chikamu chitsva cheMitemo Yezvokuita Zvirongwa zvakakonzerwa, seine matsva matsva ekuongorora zvehupombwe , uye Binge Eating Disorder .
Kune vamiririri - pamwe nevanoita - nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwezvimwe zvinodhaka zvekuita se "chaiyo" zvinodhakwa, asi nemamwe mashomanana akasiyana, saProfesa Jim Orford, chiremba wezvepfungwa uye munyori we "Kunyanya Appetites," uyo ane kwenguva refu vaitaura nezvekucherechedza kwehutano hwemhando yekuzvidzivirira, vanowanzotarisa pane imwe mufambiro panzvimbo pehuwandu hwakakwana.
Zvisinei, chimwe nechimwe chezviito zvekuita zvepabonde zvinotaurwa pano zvakaedza kuumba zvirongwa zvekutsvaga zvichienderana nezvakaitika kune avo vakavhiringidzika, izvo zvinoenderana zvakakosha kune zvinodiwa zvekudhakwa uye zvinodhaka uye kubhejera kubhejera.
Kunze kwenyika yehutano hwepfungwa uye hwepfungwa, vhidhiyo yakatora uye yakagamuchira pfungwa dzekuita zvinodhaka. "Oprah," inonyanya kubudirira, hurukuro yakakosha zvikuru inoratidzira munhau yeTerevhizheni yose, inogara ichinyora nyaya dzine chokuita nezvimwe zvinodhaka. Misoro iyi inosanganisira zvinodhaka zvakagadziriswa, zvakadai sokusavhiringidza uye kushandiswa kwemishonga zvinodhaka, zvinodhaka, zvakadai sekuita zvepabonde uye kutengesa zvekutengesa, nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingawanzobatanidzi muhurukuro pamusoro pemishonga, sekuzvicheka-cheka (kazhinji kunokurukurwa ukama neBorderline Personality Disorder ) uye chirwere chepurasitiki. Kuratidzwa kwezviitiko izvi sekudhakwa kunosangana nevarwere vose uye vanhu vanoona, uye zvakajeka, idzi zviratidzo zvirikubatana nezvinoitika panguva.
Nhoroondo
Nhoroondo yehutano hwepabonde yakagadzirirwa kushanda nevanhu vanodhakwa nedoro uye mamwe madhiragi. Sezvo doro nedzimwe mishonga zvinoshandura hutano hwevanhu hwehuropi, zvichikonzera mhirizhonga yekutsungirira uye kuregera kunogona kuchengetedza vanhu vanoda kuwedzera kwezvinodhaka zvechirwere, iyo yose yakagadzirwa nemishonga inodhaka inogara pane pfungwa yekuchengetedza kemikemikari.
Zvinokonzerwa newaini nezvimwe zvinodhaka muuropi uye muviri wose unosimbisa pfungwa yekunyadzisa sechirwere - vanhu vanonwa zvakanyanya uye vanotora mishonga yakawanda yemishonga kwenguva yakareba vanowanzopedzisira vava kurwara zvikuru.
Asi chaizvoizvo, chirwere chechirwere chekushaya zvinodhaka, chinotarisa pamagariro ehutano emishonga, pakutanga chaiva chinangwa chokuderedza maitiro ekutenda kwevanhu vanodhakwa nekuvaratidza se "vanorwara" kwete "zvakaipa." Uye mishonga yezvechiremba yose iri kutamira pakuziva kwakanyanya kwebasa rekunetseka nehutano hwepfungwa munzvimbo dzose hutano uye hukama.
Nemishonga yekudzivirira uye kupiwa simba kwevarwere kugamuchirwa nevashandi vose uye vese senzira dzepamutemo dzekutarisana nehutano hwehutano, chirwere chechirwere chekudhakwa chinenge chisina kushanda.
Kubhadhara kubhejera kana kubhejera kunonyanya kukwikwidzana kwekubatanidzwa kwezviito sekudhakwa uye kwakabatanidzwa muDMM-IV sechirwere chekudzivirira chinokanganisa, chinoparadzaniswa nedoro nekudhakwa kwezvinodhaka. Kuwanda kwekutsvakurudza kwakaitwa muchinetso chekubhejera, zvichiita nenzira duku kudarika mari yakawanda inowanikwa nekambani yekubhejera, yakaruramisa kubhejera se "kusvuta," uye kune vashomanana vanogona kurwisana neizvi.
Saka kana kubhejera kunodhakwa, sei zvisingaiti zvimwe zvinoita kuti vamwe vanhu vafadze uye kuora mwoyo kunounza maitiro ekurwisa? Kunyanya nokuti pakange pasina kuve nekutsvakurudza, kunotungamirirwa nekubhadharwa mari, kubatsira zvakakwana kuvapo kwemamwe maitiro ekurwisa. Uye tsvakurudzo inowanikwa inoparadzaniswa kune dzakawanda dzidzo uye nzvimbo dzinofarira.
Uye pane njodzi inobatanidza nekubatanidzwa kune dzimwe nzira dzisingabviri nezvinetso pamwe chete nedoro uye kuderedzwa kwezvinodhaka? Pano pane nharo dzinokosha kumativi ose maviri ehurukuro iyi.
Case For
Nzira dzekugadzirwa kwezvinokonzerwa nemishonga imwe neimwe, nzira yekufungidzira inobatanidzwa, mubhadharo wekubhadhara unoramba uine maitiro ekurapa, mararamiro evanhu uye hukama hwehukama, uye nzira yekugadzirisa ine zvakawanda zvakafanana pahutano hwehutachiona. Kana tikaona kuti kushandiswa kwemishonga pachako pachako, panzvimbo yezvinhu zvakasikwa kana mufambiro, ndiko kuri kukonzera matambudziko ayo vanhu vane zvinodhaka, zvinetso zvakawanda nehuwandu hwehutano hwekugadzirisa uye kurapa hunogona kukundwa.
Kunzwisisa, somuenzaniso, kuti haisi kubhejera kune seyo izvo zvinokonzera kubhejera kusagadzikana kurasikirwa nezvinhu zvose, asi nzira yekudzivisa chokwadi chechiitiko chake, anobvumira mushonga kuti ashande naye mukurwisana kusvika, kubvuma, nekuvandudza kwake upenyu. Nenzira imwecheteyo, kunzwisisa kuti munhu anoshandisa zvinodhaka, anodya kudya, kunyanya kushandisa muviri, kana kushambadzira zvakashata zvose zvinoshandisa maitiro aya kuedza nekudzivisa kushungurudzika kwehupenyu hwavo, uye mukugadzirisa, vari kuita zvinhu zvakanyanya kuipa, inobvumira kuti kurapa kuite pakugadzirisa izvi, panzvimbo pokugadzirisa pane maitiro pachedu.
Muenzaniso wekutengesa kunotitenderawo kuti tigadzirire zvakakwana vanhu pangozi yokuti havazoiti chete kudzokera kune zvavakamboita zvekuita zvinodhaka asi kuti vanoisawo panjodzi kukura imwe kusvuta. Dambudziko iri rinowanzoguma nekuda kwekusadzidza unyanzvi hwekugadzirisa hutano hwekutarisana nematambudziko ehupenyu, uye, nekutarisa pane zvekare zvekuita zvechirwere, kukudziridza chimiro chechirwere chimwechete nemumwe mufambiro.
Kurapwa kunosvika, zvakadai sezvikamu zvekuchinja muenzaniso uye kukurudzira kubvunzurudza, kubudirira pakurapa zvinodhaka zvemarudzi ose. Kuzivikanwa kwehutachiona sekushandiswa kwekutsvaga kwezvinhu zvose zvinodhaka, zvisinei kuti zvakanyanyisa pane chimwe chinhu kana basa, rinobvumira vanhu vakawanda kuti vabatsirwe muhutano hwehutano hwehutano. Zvimwe zvezvibasa izvi zvatovepo, uye kuiswa kwemishonga yakasiyana-siyana mumapoka ekurapa kunobatsira zvikuru pakurapa kwevanhu, sezvo vanhu vanozvitsaura kubva pane zvavanoita uye vanoziva pane zvavanenge vachiita, uye kuti vangagadzirisa sei zvinodikanwa muhutano nzira.
Chimwe chinhu chakanaka chekuzivikanwa kwezviito zvekuita zvinodhaka sezvinongoita zvinodhaka ndezvokuti zvinodzokorora kusakwana kwechirwere chechirwere chekushaya zvinodhaka, izvo zvakashambadzira uye hachisisiri chinangwa chepakutanga.
Case Against
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwehutano hwekuzvibata mupfungwa yekunyadzisa ndechokuti vangave vasina kuiswa muropa. Kunyange zvazvo maitiro acho angave akafanana, zvinokwanisika kuti kunetseka kwezvinhu zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose kubva pamabasa ekumanikidzira. Sezvo Dr. Christopher Fairburn akati: "Chokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvakafanana kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana hazviiti kuti zvive zvakafanana.Kunyanya kufunga nezvekufananidzwa uku ... kunopesana kubva musiyano pakati pemitemo iyi."
Imwe nharo pamusoro pekusanganisa mafambiro evanhu vasina chimiro munyanzvi yekudhakwa ndeyokuti migumisiro yenyama yekudhakwa nekushandisa zvinodhaka yakaoma kwazvo zvokuti kusanganisira zvinhu zvishoma zvinokuvadza zvinoderedza kukosha kwe "zvechokwadi" zvinodhaka, uye zvinoita kuti zvive zvepamusoro mune zvevanhu. Izvi zvinokonzera kuoma kwekudhakwa nekudhakwa kwemishonga, zvichiita kuti zvinhu izvi zviite sezvisina maturo sekushandisa mari yakawandisa kune mall kana kuwedzeredza muchokoti cake.
Uyewo, vamwe vanhu vanofunga kuti kusanganisira zvinhu zvisingabatsiri semishonga zvinokanganisa zvinoreva kuti izwi rinoshandiswa zvakasununguka zvokuti rinogona kushandiswa kune chero mararamiro, uye munhu wose angaonekwa seanodhakwa kune chimwe chinhu. Jim Orford anotsanangura mumwe muongorori wepfungwa, Hans Eysenck, achiti, "Ndinoda kutamba tennis nekunyora mabhuku pamusoro pepfungwa, izvo zvinoreva here kuti ndiri muropa kune tennis uye nekunyora bhuku?"
Kwainoenda
Apo patinomirira DSM-V, shoko rokuti " kusvuta " ndiyo chikamu chemaitiro anozivikanwa. Vhidhiyo vanoenderera mberi kushandisa shanduro yekutsvaga kurondedzera mafambiro akawandisa, uye inoshandiswa mumutauro wezuva nezuva sezvo vanhu vachitsvaga rubatsiro rwekuzvibata kwavo kwakanyanya, uye yeavo vanodiwa.
Mukupindura kune vatsoropodzi vekubatanidzwa kwemishonga yekutsvaga:
Mumwe nomumwe uye zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuitiro umwe neumwe wekurwisa zvinogona kugadziriswa apo vanhu vanoshanda pane zvepfungwa zvekudhakwa kwavo uye zvinogona kubatanidzwa nemaitiro ekurapa.
Nharo inopesana yokuti kukanganisa kunogona kushandiswa kune chero ani zvake anofarira haasisina pfungwa. Haisi kufara nebasa rinoita kuti rive chidhakwa, riri kuita mairi zvakanyanya kudarika kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzehupenyu dzinotambudzika. Kana Hans Eysenck ari kutamba tennis yakawanda zvokuti hutano hwake uye hukama hwake hwakanga huri kutambura, zvachose, aigona kunge akapindwa muropa nekutamba tennis. Izvo zvinoenda kune bhuku rake rokunyora.
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