Zvinokurudzira igadziro remishonga inodhaka yakawanda inowedzera basa muuropi . Iyi mishonga inogona kukwidza kwenguva pfupi kusvinura, mafungiro uye kuziva. Zvimwe zvinodhaka zvinodhaka zviri pamutemo uye zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Izvo zvinokurudzira zvakawanda zvinogonawo kunge zvinodhaka. Zvinokurudzira zvinowanzobatana nevanhu vakawanda, asi chimwe nechimwe chine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro ekuita.
Zvinodhaka zvinonzi zvakasimudzira zvinosanganisira:
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
- Cocaine
- Methamphetamine
- Prescription stimulants
Caffeine
Caffeine ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kushandiswa kwechirwere chepfungwa munyika, inowanikwa mukofi, tei, kocoa, chocolate candy uye zvinwiwa zvinodhaka. Kunyange zvazvo caffeine ine mikana yakawanda yakadai sekuwedzera simba uye kuchenjerera mupfungwa, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvakadai sokuzvidya mwoyo uye kusuruvara. Caffeine inokanganisa muviri, uye zviratidzo zvekuregera zvinogona kusanganisira misoro, kuora uye kusagadzikana.
Nicotine
Nicotine inonzi imwe yezvinhu zvitatu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemishonga inoshandiswa mupfungwa munyika yose pasinei nokuti kune vashomanana (kana iripo) inoshandiswa kurapwa kwemishonga. Munguva yekutanga kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, kusvuta kwakanzi kwakasikwa. Mishumo yemigumisiro yakaipa yeutano yakatungamirira kushandiswa kwefodya kuri kuramba kuchidzivirirwa. Zvisinei, Zvisinei, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inoshuma kuti muna 2014, vanenge 17 kubva muzana vevanhu vakuru vekuAmerica vanopfuura makore gumi nemasere (vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi mana vanhu) vanosvuta fodya.
Sangano reNational Institute on Drug Abuse rinoshuma kuti kushandiswa kwefodya ndicho chinokonzera chinokonzerwa nechikonzero chekufa, zvirwere nekuremara muUnited States, nekushandiswa kwefodya kunowanikwa kune vanopfuura 480 000 rufu rusati rapera gore negore.
Cocaine
Cocaine isiri mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nemishonga inogadzirwa kubva kumashizha ekoca.
Munguva yekupedzisira kwema1800, psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud akasimudzira kushandiswa kwekodineine sechirwere chekurapa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa, asi gare gare akaziva kusagadzikana kwechirwere. Munguva yekutanga kwema1900, cocaine yakanga iri pamutemo muUnited States uye inogona kuwanikwa mune dzakawanda kupfuura-the-counter mishonga.
Muna 1906, hurumende yakatanga ichida vashandi kuti vataure nezvekodhaine-ine michina uye vakatanga kutora mitemo yakakura pakuparidzirwa nekutanga kwema1920. Cocaine chinhu chakasara uye kushandiswa kwayo uye kutengeswa kunofungidzirwa kusina mutemo mune dzimwe nguva. Nhasi, cocaine ndiyo yechipiri inowanzoshandiswa nemishonga isina kutenderwa muUnited States.
Kocaine inokurumidza kunamatira kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yehutungamiri, kusanganisira kuvharwa, kuvhara, kujowa kana kutorwa nemuromo. Chirwere ichi chinosvika kuuropi nokukurumidza uye zvino chinoparadzirwa kune mamwe maviri mukati memuviri. Cocaine inokurumidza kugadziriswa nemakemikari ari muchiropa uye plasma mumaminitsi anenge 30 kusvika ku60, asi inogona kuonekwa mumuginho kuongororwa kwemaawa gumi nemaviri mushure mekutonga.
Methamphetamine
Nhasi, methamphetamine, inozivikanwawo se meth, ndiyo imwe yezvinhu zvinowanzoshandiswa zvisiri pamutemo zvinokurudzira. Meth inodhaka zvikuru uye inoparadza mishonga muuropi, iyo inogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwehupi.
Prescription Stimulants
Chirongwa chemishonga chinokonzera mishonga chikwata chemishonga inoshandiswa mupfungwa inokanganisa hutachiona hwehutano uye hutongi hwehutongi hwehurumende . Mamwe emigumisiro yekushandisa madhiragi aya anosanganisira kudengenyeka, vasoconstriction, kusagadzikana, tachycardia, kusuruvara, kushungurudzika uye kurasikirwa kwechido.
Aya mazamu akamboshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurema nekurasikirwa kurasikirwa, asi kukanganisa kwavo kwakaita kuti vasawanzoshandiswa mazuva ano nekuda kwechinangwa ichocho.
Chirongwa chepiritsi chinokurudzira ikozvino chinoshandiswa kuporesa zvimwe zvirwere zvepanyama uye zvepfungwa , kusanganisira kutadza-kukanganisika kwehutano hwehutano (ADHD) uye nhamba dzisina maturo.
Mazita anozivikanwa ezvinyorwa zvinokurudzira anosanganisira Ritalin, Adderall, uye Dexedrine. Chirwere chepiritsi chinokurudzira chinoshanda nekusimudzira migumisiro ye dopamine uye norepinephrine, uye inogona kutungamirira kuwedzerwa ropa, kuporesa basa uye euphoria.
References
Nzvimbo dzeDaase Control uye Kudzivirira. (nd). Ikozvino fodya iri kusvuta pakati pevanhu vakuru muUnited States. Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm.
Jonnes, J. (1999). Hep-cats, narcs uye pipe zviroto: Nhoroondo yekuda kweAmerica nemishonga isiri pamutemo . Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Julien, RM (2001). A primer yekushandisa zvinodhaka. New York: Worth Worth Publishers.
Juliano LM, & Griffiths, RR (2004). Kubvunzurudza kwakakosha kwekubvisa caffeine: Empirical kugadziriswa kwezviratidzo nezviratidzo, chiitiko, kusuruvara uye zvakabatana. Psychopharmacology, 176, 1-29.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2008, July 22). Zvirwere Zvinodhaka: Kushatiswa uye Kuwedzererwa. Kudzorerwa kubva ku http://www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription4.html
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (nd). Fodya / Nicotine Yakadzorerwa kubva ku http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/tobacco-nicotine
Thompson, PM, Hayashi, KM Simon, SL London, ED, & nevamwe. (2004). Kurongeka kwemuitiro mune ubongo hwevanhu vanoshandisa methamphetamine. Nyaya yeNeuroscience, 24, 6028-6036.