1 - Upenyu Hwekutanga Hwakanga hwaSagmund Freud
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Senzara Sigmund Freud angave ari mumwe wevanhu vanozivikanwe zvikuru munhoroondo, asi iyewo ndeyewo wepakakavhiringidza. Nhaka yehupenyu nehupenyu hwake inoita kuti vose vanzwire tsitsi vachibva kune vatsigiri vake uye vanyengedze kubva kune avo vanovhiringidza. Nepo vamwe vachimuona sechitsika chimiro uye vamwe vachimuona se pseudoscientific charlatan, hapana mubvunzo kuti Freud akasiya chiratidzo chisingaoneki pane zvepfungwa.
Mumufananidzo uyu, tichaongorora hupenyu hwa Freud kubva pakuberekwa kwake muguta duku reFrieberg, Moravia, kusvika pakufa kwake pazera remakore makumi matanhatu nematatu muLondon. Pamwe munzira, iwe uchadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti upenyu hwake nebasa rake zvakakanganisa sei maonero nemafungiro anoramba achikonzera mafungiro epfungwa, uzivi, mabhuku, uye unyanzvi.
"Pakati mukati mangu, yakafukidzirwa, kune hupenyu huno mwana anofara kubva Freiberg ..." - Sigmund Freud achiri muduku.
Sigismund Schlomo Freud akaberekwa musi waMay 6, 1856, mu Freiberg, Moravia. Baba vake, Jakob, vaiva mutengesi wemvere dzemakwai vane vana vaviri kubva kune vakaroorana. Amai vake, Amalia (vanoratidzwa pamusoro apa), aiva nemakore makumi maviri vaduku kupfuura murume wavo. Sigismund aiva mwana wake wokutanga.
Sezvo mwana wemwana wake mukuru, aivewo iye ainyanya kuda, iye "gorgie Siggie." Amalia aive netariro yakareba kumwanakomana wake. "Ndakawana," gare gare Freud akati, "kuti vanhu vanoziva kuti ivo vanofarirwa kana kuti vanofarirwa naamai vavo vanopa humwe humwe humwe hupenyu hwavo hwekuzvitarisira kwakanaka uye kusagadzikana kusingaperi kunowanzounza kubudirira chaiyo kune avo vane."
Paaiva nemakore mana, bhizimisi rababa vake rakakundikana uye mhuri yakabva Freiberg kuVienna, Austria. Vechiduku Freud vakanyura pachikoro, vachiisa kumusoro kwekirasi yake kwemakore manomwe kubva pamasere. Akashandura zita rake kuti Sigmund muna 1878 uye akazowana chiremba murapi kubva kuYunivhesiti yeVienna.
2 - Simba raSagmund Freud
"Kurwiswa kunonyanya kufanana nekuyeuka kubva muupenyu hwomurwere." - Sigmund Freud, 1895
Mushure mokunge apedzisa dhigirii yake, Freud akatanga kuongorora nekutsvaga neurophysiology. Akange awana chiremba wezvokurapa, asi akanga asina kunyanya kufarira mushonga wemishonga. Kunyange zvazvo ainetseka zvikuru nesayenzi nekutsvakurudza, aiziva kuti aida basa rakasimba kuitira kuti aroore muwanano wake, Martha Bernays.
Charcot uye Hypnotism
Muna 1885, Freud akaenda kunodzidza naJean-Martin Charcot paSalpêtrière muParis. Charcot yaiva kushandisa hypnosis kubata vakadzi vanotambura kubva pane izvo zvaizivikanwa se hysteria . Zviratidzo zvehutano hwaisanganisira kukanda mapfumo pasi, kukanganisa, uye kutya. Varwere vakagadzirirwawo mifananidzo, izvo zvakaguma zvaCharcot zvisingabvunzwi. Vakawanda vevarwere vake vaida chaizvo kuita makamera uye vakanyanyisa kuwedzeredza zviratidzo zvavo pamwe nemigumisiro yehutano hwaCharcot.
Anna O. uye Talk Therapy
Freud aizoramba achitsvakurudza kushandiswa kwehupnotism mukurapa, asi hwaiva ushamwari hwake pamwe chete naJosef Breuer uyo akatungamirira pakuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ake anozivikanwa ekurapa. Breuer akarondedzera kurapwa kwake kwemukadzi wechidiki, anozivikanwa munhau yakadai seAna O., avo vane zviratidzo zvekunyengedzera zvakasunungurwa nekutaura pamusoro pezvakaitika kwaari. Freud naBreuer vakabatanidza mubhuku, Studies on Hysteria , uye Freud vakaramba vachiwedzera kushandiswa kwake kwe " chirongwa chekutaura ."
3 - Makore Ekutanga ePychoanalysis
"Psychoanalysis inounza hupenyu huri mupfungwa pakuziva kubvuma ..." - Sigmund Freud, 1910.
Self-Analysis
Freud akaenderera mberi kukudziridza pfungwa dzake pamusoro pekusaziva, kutaurira chirwere , uye dzimwe dzidziso. Akatanga kushandisa izwi rokuti "psychoanalysis" muna 1896. Mushure mokufa kwababa vake muna 1896, Freud akatanga nguva yakareba yekuzviongorora. Munguva ino, Freud akashandura tsamba dzakawanda neshamwari yake, William Fleiss, chiremba weBerlin uyo akabatana zvikuru pamwe chete na Freud. Mutsamba dzake, Freud akatungamirirwa pamusoro pezvinoreva zvakavanzika zvehope uye ake pachake manzwiro ekuda amai vake, izvo zvaizopedzisira zvaita kuti afunge pfungwa yake yeOedipal complex. "Ndakawana, ini pachangu," akanyora kudaro, "ndichida amai vangu uye godo rababa vangu, uye ini zvino ndinofunga kuti chinhu chakaitika muhuduku" (Freud, 1897).
Kutaura kweMhoto
Bhuku rake rinonzi Interpretation of Dreams muna 1899 rakagadzirisa hutano hwepfungwa dzake dzakawanda dzepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo aive netariro yakakwirira yebhuku rake, kutanga kutengesa kwaive kunonoka uye kuongororwa kwaiwanzoodza mwoyo. Mubhuku rake, akarondedzera pfungwa dzakazova chikamu chepamusoro chepfungwa dzepfungwa, kusanganisira kusaziva , chidimbu cheOedipal, uye kurota kududzirwa . Pasinei nekusava nekushanda kwebhuku racho, rakava rimwe remabasa ekudzidzira muhutano hwepfungwa uye Freud gare gare akarondedzera iyo seyaanoda.
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
Freud akapfuurirawo kukudziridza mafungiro ake, nekudhinda The Psychopathology yeWayday Life muna 1901. Bhuku racho rakataurira pfungwa dzakadai sedhidhiyo yeFreudhi (kana kuti mapepa emutauro), zvichiratidza kuti zviitiko zvakadaro zvinoratidza zviri pasi, pfungwa dzisina kuziva uye zvinokurudzira. Tichifunga nezvekukakavadzana kwakaitwa Freud nhoroondo dzemazuva ano, hazvishamisi kuti pfungwa dzake dzakasangana nekutya kukuru pakati pezera rake. Bhuku reTatu Essays pamusoro peChinyorwa cheBonde muna 1905 rakabatsira kusimbisa kupatsanurana pakati paFrud uye vezvechiremba.
4 - Kuwedzera kwePyychoanalysis
"Ndichiri pasi pechikonzero chekudzorera kwehurukuro yako, iyo yakaita kwandiri kwandiri kukwana pachako." -Jung pahurukuro yaFrud paPolychoanalytic Congress yekutanga
Kubuda kweFreudy Psychology
Kubudiswa kwebhuku rake kwakabatsira kuparidzira pfungwa dzaFrud kuvanhu vakawanda. Kunyange zvazvo chikwata chinokura chevatsoropodzi chakashora dzidziso dzaFrud, akawedzera zvinotevera pakati pevanhu venguva yake. Ukama hwake naBreuer hwakanga hwanyanyisa, zvichida nekuda kwekusawirirana kwaBreu na Freud kushimiridza pamusoro pepabonde, asi vanyori vakadai saCarl Jung naAlfred Adler vakanyanya kufarira pfungwa dzaFrud.
The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Muna 1902, Freud akatanga kutora hurukuro yevhiki nevhiki mumusha make iyo yaizozopa musangano wekutanga wepfungwa. IVienna Psychoanalytic Society yakatanga kuumbwa muna 1908, uye yekutanga International Psychoanalytic Congress yakaitirwa muSalzburg gore iroro. Pakupedzisira, vamwe vevateveri vaFréud vepakutanga vaizoparara kubva pane zvaaifunga kuti vagadzire zvikoro zvavo zvekufunga.
The Psychoanalytic Congress
Muna 1908, musangano wekutanga wenyika dzakawanda wepfungwaanalysts wakaitirwa muSalzburg. Freud ndiye aiva mukurukuri wehurukuro pamusangano wezuva rimwe chete, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhamba dzevamwe vepfungwa dzakapawo hurukuro. Iyo Psychoanalytic Congress ichakurumidza kuva chiitiko chegore negore, icho chicharamba chichiwedzera kupararira nekupararira kwepfungwaanalysis.
5 - Freud muAmerica
"Kufunga kweAmerica hakuratiki kwakakosha kwandiri, asi ndiri kutarisa zvikuru kurwendo rwedu pamwechete." - Sigmund Freud, 1909
Kukokwa
Muna 1909, Freud akagamuchira chikumbiro kubva kuMutungamiri weClark University, G. Stanley Hall , kupa hurukuro yehurukuro muAmerica pamusoro penyaya yezvepfungwa. Freud pakutanga akatanga kutambira kukokwa kwekutanga, achitaura kuti aisagona kukwanisa kusiya basa rake kwemavhiki matatu kuitira kuti ashanyire America. Horo, zvakadaro, yakaramba iripo. Kukoka kwake kwechipiri kwaisanganisira kupa kubhadhara Freud (chiyero che $ 714.60) mukutsinhanisa misangano mitatu pamusoro penyaya dze psychoanalysis (Wallace, 1975).
Kuuya kuAmerica
Freud akagamuchirwa kukokwa kwechipiri kweHoro ndokuenda kuAmerica pamwe chete neshamwari yake, Dr. Sandor Ferenczi. Mumwe wevamwe vaFrud vaifambidzana naye, Carl Jung, vakanga vakokwawo kuhurukuro yunivhesiti uye avo vatatu vakasarudza kufamba pamwe chete. Rwendo rwacho rwaizoratidza kuti Freud ndeyekutanga uye nguva chete yekushanyira America. Freud, Jung, naFerenczi vakapedza mazuva mazhinji vachiona nzvimbo muNew York pamwe nevamwe vadzidzi vaFranu AA Brill naErnst Jones vasati vasvika kuClark University.
The Lectures
Mushure mekunge vauya kuClark University, Freud akafara kuziva kuti Hall yakanga yatanga kunyatsoongorora pfungwa dzechikoro. Mune mitsamba yehurukuro shanu, Freud akanyatsotsanangura kuwedzera nekukura kwepfungwa. Iyi hurukuro dzakapiwa muchiGermany uye dzaive dzisingatauri uye dzakanyanya kukurukurirana. "Sezvandakaenda paduratifomu," Freud akazotsanangurwa gare gare, "zvaiita sekuzadzika kweimwe nguva inoshamisa: Psychoanalysis yakanga isisiri chinhu chekunyengera - yakanga yava chinhu chinokosha chechokwadi" (Wallace, 1975).
6 - Freud naJung
"Mumwe anotsiva mudzidzisi zvakaipa kana mumwe achingova mudzidzi chete." - Nietzsche, Nokudaro Spoke Zarathustra , yakataurwa naJung kuna Freud
Freud naJung's Relations Relations
MunaApril muna 1906, Freud akatanga kutarisana nechechicheche wechidiki ainzi Carl Gustav Jung. Vakatanga kusangana nemunhu apo Jung akaenda kuVienna musi waFebruary 27, 1907, uye avo vaviri vaiva shamwari dzepedyo. Jung akazotsanangura maonero ake akatanga Freud se "... akangwara zvikuru, akangwara, uye anoshamisa zvikuru."
Zvinyorwa zvakanyanyisa pamusoro pemakore manomwe anotevera, naFranud vachiona Jung senzvimbo yakachengetedzwa uye mugari wenhaka ye psychoanalysis.
Kuparadzaniswa Nekunyengera
Uhu hukama uye kubatanidzwa zvakatanga kuipa sekufamba kwemakore. Kunyange zvazvo Freud ainge aona Jung senzira yakaisvonaka uye yepakutanga yevateveri vake, akanga asingafariri kusawirirana kwaJung nezvimwe zvezvinyorwa zve Freudian theory. Semuenzaniso, Jung aida kuti Freud ainyanya kufunga nezvepabonde semasimba anokurudzira. Akanzwawo kuti pfungwa yaFreud yekusakisisa yakanga isina zvishoma uye yakaipa. Pane kungova gadziriro yemafungiro akafuridzirwa uye zvinokurudzira, sezvakaitwa Freud, Jung akataura kuti izvo zvisingagoni kuziva zvinogona kuvawo zvisikwa zvekusika.
Apo hurumende yakabva Freud yakauya apo Jung akasununguka kubva kuInternational Psychoanalytic Congress, ruvengo ruchikura pakati pezviviri rwakanga rwaonekwa nyore nyore mune tsamba dzavakatsinhana. Pane imwe nguva, Jung akanyora kuti, "... nzira yako yekurapa vadzidzi vako sevarwere ndezvakaipa.Nenzira iyo, unobereka vanakomana vevaranda kana vana vechidiki ... Ndine chinangwa chakakwana kuti ndione kuburikidza nekunyengera kwako" (McGuire, 1974).
Zvinokonzera Psychology
Kunyange zvazvo kusiyana kwepfungwa pakati pevarume vaviri vakaratidzira kuguma kweshamwari yavo, kubatana kwavo kwaiva nechinogara kwenguva refu pakufambira mberi kwemashoko avo. Jung akaenderera mberi kuumba chikoro chake chakanaka chekufunga chinonzi analytical psychology.
Freud's reaction to the defection of Jung, uye gare gare iyo yaAlfred Adler , yaiva yekuvhara mazita uye kuchengetedza zvidzidzo zvake. Pakupedzisira, mukati-kati yevateveri vega vakazvipira yakaumbwa. Kazhinji inonzi "Komiti," boka racho raisanganisira Freud, Sandor Ferenczi, Otto Rank, Karl Abraham, naErnest Jones.
7 - Varwere vaFreud uye Therapy
"tora maoko angu mumaoko ako, ndidzidzise kurangarira, ndidzidzise kusayeuka." - HD, 1961
Zvizhinji zveFranudian therapy zvakakonzerwa zvakananga nebasa raFreud neavo vane psychoanalytic varwere. Sezvaaiedza kunzwisisa uye kutsanangura zviratidzo zvavo, akawedzera kufarira basa rekusaziva mafungiro mukuvandudzwa kwezvirwere zvepfungwa.
Anna O.
Apo Anna O. anowanzotaurwa nezvake somumwe wevarwere vanonyanya kuzivikanwa naVeudud, vaviri vacho havana kumbosangana. Iye chaiye Anna O., mukadzi wechidiki ainzi Bertha Pappenheim, akanga ari murwere weHoyud neshamwari yake, Josef Breuer. Nokukurukurirana nezviratidzo zvake uye kurapwa naBreuer uye pakupedzisira basa ravo pane bhuku rinonzi Studies on Hysteria , Freud akaenderera mberi kukudziridza pfungwa yake uye kushandiswa kwekutaura kutaura .
Rat Man
Chimwe chezvidzidzo zvakakurumbira zveFrud ndezvemweya wechidiki anonzi Ernst Lanzer uyo anozivikanwa se "Rat Rat" munyaya yacho. Lanzer aitambudzwa nekukanganiswa nemakonzo. Muna 1908, Freud akaratidza nyaya yacho muhurukuro yakareba pamusangano wekutanga we International Psychoanalytic Congress.
HD
Mumwe wevarwere vaFerud vainzi mukurumbira weAmerica uye munyori wenhau guru Hilda Doolittle, uyo akazvitumidza sa HD muna 1933, Doolittle akaenda kuVienna kuti awane chirwere chepfungwa neFrud. Akanga ari kutambudzika nekutevera kupera kweHondo Yenyika I uye akanga achinyanya kunetseka nezvekutyisidzira kweHondo Yenyika II. Doolittle gare gare akanyora memoir yakanzi Tribute kuna Freud , iyo yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1945.
The Wolf Man
Sergei Pankejeff aiva murume weRussia uyo akatambura nekuora mwoyo asati apedzisira achitsvaka kubatsirwa na Freud. Yakabatanidzwa "Mufudzi Wemhizha" nekuda kwehuduku huro pamusoro pemhumhi, nyaya yacho yakaguma iine hukuru hukuru pane pfungwa yeFrud yekushungurudzika kwepfungwa . Mushure memakore ekurapwa, Freud akazivisa murume wacho akaporesa, asi zvinetso zvePankejeff zvakanga zvisingasviki. Akaramba achitsvaka kurapwa kwekuora mwoyo kwake kwehupenyu hwake hwose. Paakabvunzurudzwa nemutori wenhau vasati afa muna 1979, Pankojeff akashungurudza "... chinhu chose chinotaridzika senjodzi.Ndiri mamiriro akafanana neakauya Freud, uye Freud haasisiri."
8 - Kusiya Vienna
"Kukunda kwekununura kwakakanganiswa zvikuru nekuchema ..." - Sigmund Freud paaibva kuVienna kuLondon
Freud akapedza huzhinji hwehupenyu hwake muVienna, Austria. Apo vaNazi vakawedzera Austria muna 1938, Freud aida kuve wechiJudha uye kuti ave muvambi wepfungwa. Mamwe mabhuku ake aipiswa uye iye nemwanasikana wake, Anna Freud , vakabvunzurudzwa neGestapo. Nekubatsirwa kweshamwari yake, Marie Bonaparte, Freud akakwanisa kubva pakupedzisira kubva kuVienna kuLondon musi waJune 4, 1938, pamwe nemudzimai wake nemwanasikana muduku. Pasinei nokuedza kwaBonaparte kuti awane nzvimbo yehanzvadzi dzeHercud vakwegura, haana kukwanisa kuita kudaro. Vose vakadzi vana vakazofira mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi.
9 - Gore Rokupedzisira
"kana kazhinji akange asina kururama uye, dzimwe nguva, asinganzwisisiki, kwatiri isu haasisiri munhu iye zvino asi mamiriro ezvinhu ose" - WH Auden, "Mu Memory of Sigmund Freud"
Mushure mekusvika kuLondon, Freud nemudzimai wake, Martha, vakatamira mumusha mutsva pa20 Maresfield Gardens. Kubva muna 1923, Freud akanga achirwa nekenza yemuromo, iyo yaida mabasa akawanda. Kuvhiyiwa kwake kokupedzisira kwakaitwa munaSeptember 1938. Gore rimwe chete, akabudisa bhuku rake rekupedzisira uye pamwe rinopopotedzana, Mosesi uye Monotheism .
Apo kenza yake yakadzoka zvakare, chiremba wake akataura kuti chirwere chisingaiti. Mamiriro ake akaenderera mberi achiwonderera mukati megore rose. Musi waSeptember 21, Freud akakumbira chiremba wake kuti ape mutero mukuru we morphine. Akafa musi waSeptember 23, 1939, ava nemakore 83.