Psychology inzvimbo yakazara iyo inopindirana nekudzidza kwepfungwa dzevanhu, mufambiro, kukura, unhu, manzwiro, zvinokurudzira, nezvimwewo. Kuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama uye kwakadzama kwepfungwa kunogona kubatsira vanhu kuti vawane pfungwa pamusoro pezviito zvavo uye nekunyatsonzwisisa kwevamwe.
Chii Chinonzi Psychology?
Psychology ndiyo yekuongorora pfungwa nemafambiro.
Kutsvakurudza mune zvepfungwa kunotsvaka kunzwisisa uye kutsanangura kuti vanhu vanofunga sei, vanoita sei, uye vanonzwa. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinoedza kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kukanganisa mafungiro nemafambiro, zvichibva pane zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu kusvika kumagariro evanhu.
Zvikumbiro zvepfungwa zvinosanganisira kurapa kwehutano hwepfungwa, kushandiswa kwebasa, kuzvibatsira, ergonomics, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa hutano uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvakaoma kutora zvinhu zvose izvo pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinowedzera mune tsanangudzo pfupi, asi nyaya dzakadai sekusimudzirwa, unhu, pfungwa, manzwiro, manzwiro , zvinokurudzira, uye mafambiro evanhu vanomiririra chikamu chechimwe chepfungwa chinoda kutsanangurira, kufanotaura, nekutsanangura.
Kune zvakawanda zvakavhiringidzika kunze uko pamusoro pepfungwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, mafungiro asina kunaka pamusoro pepfungwa anowedzera muchikamu nekuda kwezvakaratidzwa zvakajeka zvevanodzidza nezvepfungwa mumapepanhau anozivikanwa uyewo mararamiro akasiyana-siyana emakambani avo vanobata digiro dzepfungwa.
Maererano nemamwe mapurogiramu ezerevhizheni anozivikanwa uye mafirimu, masayendisiti ezvepfungwa ndezvemashoko makuru anokwanisa kushandisa kunzwisisa kwavo kwepfungwa dzomunhu kuti agadzirise mhosva uye anofanotaura kuti mutadzi achafamba. Mamwe maitiro emagariro anopa chiremba wepfungwa semuchena uye akachenjera, agere muhofisi yepamusoro yakagadzirwa nemabhuku, uye kuteerera vateereri vachigadzirisa pamusoro pevana vavo vakaoma.
Saka chii chinonzi psychology chaizvoizvo? Ichokwadi ndechokuti pane zvishoma zvokwadi mune izvi zvinoratidzika, asi pane zvakawanda kune zvepfungwa pane iwe ungangotanga kufunga. Kune hutano hwakasiyana-siyana mukushanda kwepfungwa uye zvichida iyi yakakura yakawanda yemakwara emabasa anoita kune dzimwe pfungwa dzisina kururama pamusoro pepfungwa uye izvo vanachiremba vepfungwa vanoita.
Zvechokwadi, kune vane mafirologist vanobatsira kupedza mhosva uye pane zvakawanda zvevashandi vanobatsira vanhu kubata nehutano hwepfungwa. Zvisinei, panewo mafirologists vanobatsira mukusika hutano hwakanaka. Kune vanodzidza nezvepfungwa vanogadzira nekushandisa zvirongwa zvehutano zvehupfumi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinotsvaga nyaya dzakadai sekuchengetedza ndege, makombiyuta, uye hupenyu hwemasoja. Hazvina mhosva kuti vanachiremba vanoita sei, zvinangwa zvavo chikuru ndezvekubatsira kurondedzera, kutsanangura, kufanotaura, uye kuchinja maitiro evanhu.
Maitiro ePajychology Akave Akave Mazuva Ano
Mafungiro epakutanga akabuda kubva mafirosofi uye biology. Kukurukurirana kwemashoko maviri aya zuva raive kure kumashure sezvakaitwa nevaGreece vaifunga, kusanganisira Aristotle naSocrates. Izwi rokuti "psychology" iro pacharo rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti psyche, chaizvoizvo rinoreva "upenyu" kana "kufema." Izwi rinorehwa neshoko rinosanganisira "mweya" kana "wega."
Kuburikidza kwepfungwa dzepfungwa semunda wakasiyana uye unozvimiririra wekudzidza zvechokwadi wakauya apo Wilhelm Wundt akatanga chirongwa chekutanga chekuongorora masayendisiti kuLeipzig, Germany muna 1879.
Basa raWundt rakanga rakatarisa pakurondedzera zvivako zvinoronga pfungwa. Iyi maonero ainyanya kuvimba nekuongorora kwekunzwa uye manzwiro kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekutsvaga , kunyanya kuzvibata. Wundt aidavira kuti vanhu vakarovedzwa zvakanaka vaizogona kunyatsoziva zvakajeka maitiro epfungwa aiperekedza manzwiro, manzwiro, uye pfungwa.
Munhoroondo yepfungwa dzose, zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvemafungiro zvakaumbwa kutsanangura pfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvimwe zvikoro zvepfungwa zvakasimuka kuti zvive nesimba pamunda wepfungwa yekanguva kwenguva. Kunyange zvazvo zvikoro izvi zvepfungwa dzimwe nguva zvichionekwa sekukwikwidzana, maonero ega ega akabatsira kunzwisisa kwedu kwepfungwa.
Izvi zvinotevera zvimwe zvezvikoro zvikuru zvekufunga mune zvepfungwa.
- Wundt uye Titchener's structuralism yakanga iri chikoro chekutanga chekufunga, asi dzimwe nguva dzakatanga kubuda.
- Nyanzvi yepfungwa yekutanga uye muzivi William William akabatanidzwa nechikoro chekufunga chakazivikanwa sevashandi, izvo zvakaisa pfungwa pachinangwa chekuziva kwevanhu uye maitiro.
- Nokukurumidza, zvikoro izvi zvokutanga zvepfungwa zvakapa nzira dzinoverengeka dzakakosha uye dzakakosha dzepfungwa. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis inotarisa kuti pfungwa dzisina ruzivo dzakakanganisa sei maitiro evanhu.
- Chikoro chekuzvibata chekufunga chakanga chichibva kurega kutarisa mukati memaitiro pamusoro pemufambiro nekutsvaga kugadzirisa pfungwa yekuongorora maitiro anooneka.
- Gare gare, nzira yevanhu yekuisa vanhu yakakosha pamusoro pekukosha kwekukura kwevanhu uye kuzviratidza.
- Pakazosvika makore makumi matanhatu nema1970, kugadziriswa kwepfungwa kwakagadzirisa kutsvaga kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzakadai sekufunga, kugadzirisa chisarudzo, kukura mumitauro, nekuyeuka.
Top 4 Zvinhu Zvokuziva Nezvepfungwa
1. Psychology Ndiyo Yose Inoshandiswa uye Inyanzvi Kurangwa
Psychology inoshandiswa uye inodzidza munharaunda inoongorora pfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro. Kutsvakurudza mune zvepfungwa kunotsvaka kunzwisisa uye kutsanangura maitiro atinofunga, kuita, uye kunzwa. Kutsvakurudza pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoita kuti tinzwisise kuti nei vanhu vachiita sezvavanoita pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa pfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro avo.
Sezvo vanhu vakawanda vachitoziva kare, chikamu chikuru chepfungwa dzinozvipira kune kuongororwa uye kurapwa kwehutano hwepfungwa, asi iyo inongova chidimbu chechando chavo pazvinosvika pakutsvaga kwepfungwa. Mukuwedzera kwehutano hwepfungwa , kupfungwa kwepfungwa kunogona kushandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzera hutano uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hunosanganisira hupenyu, ergonomics, zvinokurudzira, zvibereko, nezvimwe zvakawanda.
2. Kune Izvo Zvakawanda Zvakasiyana-siyana Zvikamu zvePsychology
Psychology inzvimbo yakawanda uye yakasiyana. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakabuda. Zvinotevera ndezvimwe zvikamu zvikuru zvekutsvakurudza uye kushanda mukati mepfungwa:
- Abnormal psychology ndeyekudzidza kwemaitiro asina kujairika uye psychopathology. Iyi nzvimbo inokosha inonyanya kutsvaga kutsvakurudza uye kurapwa kwezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa uye yakabatanidzwa kune psychotherapy uye kliniki yepfungwa.
- Biological Psychology , inozivikanwawo sebiopsychology, inodzidza kuti maitiro ezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu anokanganisa sei mafungiro nemafambiro. Iyi nzvimbo yakabatana zvikuru neuroscience uye inoshandisa zvishandiso zvakadai seMRI uye PET inotsvaga kutarisa kukuvara kweuropi kana kushaya huropi.
- Clinical psychology inotarisa kuongororwa, kuongororwa, uye kurapwa kwematambudziko epfungwa. Inotaridzwawo kuti ndiyo imwe nzvimbo huru yebasa mukati mepfungwa.
- Cognitive Psychology ndeyekudzidza kwemafungiro evanhu uye magumo. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinoongorora nyaya dzakadai sekucherechedza, kuyeuka, kunzwisisa, kugadzirisa zvisarudzo, kugadzirisa matambudziko, nekuwana mutauro.
- Kuenzanisa kwepfungwa ndeyebazi rezvepfungwa rakabatanidzwa nekudzidza kwemhuka. Rudzi urwu rwekutsvakurudza runogona kutungamirira kunzwisisiro yakadzika uye yakazara yepfungwa dzevanhu.
- Kufambira mberi kwepfungwa ndechimwe chinotarisa kukura kwevanhu uye kubudirira pamusoro pehupenyu hwose. Nhema dzinowanzotarisa kuve nekuvandudzwa kwezvakanaka, tsika, hutano, hutano, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzehupenyu.
- Forensic psychology inoshandiswa mumunda inotarisa kushandisa kushandiswa kwepfungwa uye mazano mumutemo wepamutemo uye wekutonga mhosva.
- Industrial-organizational psychology inzvimbo inoshandisa tsvakurudzo yepfungwa yekusimudzira kushanda kwebasa, uye kusarudza vashandi.
- Unhu hwepfungwa hunoisa pfungwa pakunzwisisa kuti unhu hunokura sei uye mararamiro emafungiro, maitiro, uye unhu hunoita kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe akasiyana.
- Utano hwemagariro evanhu hunotarisa pakunzwisisa maitiro eboka uyewo maitiro ehutano hunogadzirisa sei mufambiro wega. Misoro inodzidzwa nehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu inosanganisira mafungiro, kusarura, kufanana, uye utsinye.
3. Masayendisiti Anoshandisa Scientific Method
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshandisa nzira dzesayenzi yekuedza kunzwisisa, kutsanangura, nekufanotaura maitiro evanhu. Dzidzo dzepfungwa dzakanyatsorongeka, kutanga nehana inofanirwa kuongororwa. Sezvo pfungwa dzepfungwa dzichienda kure nemidzi dzaro dzefilosofi, vanyori vepfungwa vakatanga kushandiswa nzira dzakawanda dzezvesayenzi yekudzidza maitiro evanhu. Vatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvesayenzi kusanganisira kuongorora, zvidzidzo zvekorrelational, nekutsvakurudza kwenguva refu .
4. Ikoko Pane Zvizhinji Zvichienderana Nezvipfungwa zvePfungwa
Chikumbiro chakajeka chepfungwa yepfungwa chiri mumunda wehutano hwepfungwa apo inyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshandisa mazano, tsvakurudzo, uye zviwanikwa zvekuchipatara kubatsira vatengi kugadzirisa uye kukurira zviratidzo zvekutambudzika mupfungwa uye chirwere chepfungwa. Kunewo dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzedzidzo dzepfungwa dzakashandiswa kubatsira vanhu kurarama zviri nani, hupenyu hwehutano . Kutsvakurudza kwepfungwa kunogona kuita kuti hurumende isarudze, inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvirongwa zvehutano hwehutano, uye inogona kutungamirira nzira dzekudzidzisa uye zvirongwa zvekuvandudza vana.
Shoko Rinobva
Sezvaunogona kuona, nepo kuongorora kwepfungwa kungangove yesainzi shomanana iyo inewo yakawandisa yakadzika uye yakadzika. Kuongororwa, kuongororwa, uye kurapwa kwehutano hwepfungwa ndizvo zvinonyanya kufarira zvepfungwa, asi pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinobatanidza zvakawanda kupfuura utano hwepfungwa. Nhasi, vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanoedza kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro avo, kuwedzera zivo itsva pakunzwisisa kwedu kwekuti vanhu vanofunga sei uye nekuvandudza maitiro anobatsira ane zvakakosha muupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu.
> Sources:
> American Psychiatric Association. Kuongororwa uye nhamba yehuwandu hwehutano hwepfungwa (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Munyori; 2013.
> Hothersall D. History of Psychology, 4th ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill; 2003.