Kunyatsoongorora Vakadzi muPsychology
Psychology yakagara ichiisa kusimbiswa pamipiro yevarume vepfungwa dzepfungwa dzakadai seSigmund Freud, BF Skinner, John B. Watson, nevamwe vanofunga. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvipo zvinokosha zvevakadzi vepfungwa dzepfungwa zvinowanzoregererwa mune zvinyorwa zvepfungwa. Paiva nevadzimai vazhinji mune zvepfungwa, zvisinei, avo vakapa zvipo zvakakosha uye vakabatsira kuumbwa kwenyika yepfungwa.
Varipi Vose Vakadzi MuPsychology History?
Paunenge uchidzidza nhoroondo yekare yepfungwa, unogona kuzviwana uchifunga kana vose vepfungwa dzepfungwa vekare vaiva varume. Kutonga kwevanhu vanofunga nezvevarume pamapoka emapiyona anokosha mumapfungwa ekutanga kwepfungwa zvinoita kuti zviite sezvakaita saizvozvo, asi chokwadi ndechekuti vakadzi vave vari kuwedzera kuhutano hwepfungwa kubva pamazuva ekutanga. Zvinotarisirwa zvinoratidza kuti mumavambo ekutanga kwema1900, mumwe wevamwe vezvemagariro epfungwa gumi muUnited States aiva mukadzi.
Zvisinei, vazhinji veizvi kupayona vakadzi mune zvepfungwa vakatarisana nekusarura kukuru, zvipingamupinyi, uye matambudziko. Vakawanda vakanga vasingabvumirwi kudzidza nevarume, vakaramba mitemo yavakange vawana, kana kuti vakaona zvakaoma kuwana nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzaizovabvumira kutsvakurudza uye kuparidza.
Vakadzi vakaita zvipo zvakakosha uye zvinokonzerwa nepfungwa mumunda wepfungwa, kunyangwe vachitarisana nekusarura kukuru nekuda kwepabonde. Ava vakadzi vanofanirwa kuzivikanwa nebasa ravo rekupayona. Izvi zvinotevera vashomanana vevakadzi avo vakabatsira kugadzira pfungwa dzepfungwa.
1 - Mary Whiton Calkins
Mary Whiton Calkins akadzidza paHarvard, kunyange zvazvo asina kumbobvumirwa kubvumirwa. Akadzidza nevamwe vevanyori vakakurumbira venguva iyo kusanganisira William James naHugo Munsterberg uye vakapedza zvose zvaidiwa ku doctorate. Pasinei neizvi, Harvard akaramba kumupa dhigirii pamusana pokuti aiva mukadzi.
Pasinei, Calkins akapfuurira kuzova mutungamirikadzi wekutanga weAmerican Psychological Association. Penguva yebasa rake, akanyora pamusoro pemapepanhau makumi mapfumbamwe emapurisa pamusoro wepfungwa, akagadzira nzira yekubatana-vaviri, uye akazozivikanwa nebasa rake munzvimbo yekuzvidzivirira kwepfungwa.
Kunyange zvazvo Harvard angave akaramba kumubatsira kuti awane chikamu chaakawana zvakakodzera, izvo hazvina kumisa Calkins kubva pakuva nyanzvi yezvepfungwa.
2 - Anna Freud
Apo vanhu vazhinji vanonzwa zita rokuti Freud, Sigmund ndiro zita rekutanga rinouya mupfungwa. Zvisinei, mwanasikana ainzi psychoanalyst ainzi Ana aive anozivikanwa uye ane simba guru rezvepfungwa ari oga. Anna Freud haana kungowedzera pane zvaaifunga nababa vake, uye akavakawo munda wevana psychoanalysis uye akakurudzirwa nevamwe vanofungawo kusanganisira Erik Erikson .
Pakati pezvakawanda zvaakaita zvinoudza nzira dzekudzivirira uye kuwedzera kufarira mumunda wepfungwa dzepfungwa dzevana.
3 - Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth aiva chiitiko chakakosha chepfungwa. Basa rake rakaratidza kukosha kwehutano hwakanaka hwehutano uye akapayona kushandiswa kwemhando inonzi "Strange Situation".
Mukutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwemwana nemwana nekubatana, Ainsworth angave ane amai nemwana vanogara mune imwe nzvimbo isingazivikanwi. Vatsvakurudzi vanozoona zvinoitwa nemwana kumamiriro akasiyana-siyana kusanganisira mutorwa achipinda mumba, achisiyiwa oga nemutorwa, uye amai vachidzoka mukamuri.
Basa raAinsworth rakakosha rine simba guru pamanzwisisiro edu ekubatanidza maitiro uye kuti maitiro aya anobatsira sei pakufamba kwenguva muupenyu.
4 - Shandisa Stetter Hollingworth
Leta Stetter Hollingworth aiva piyona wepakutanga wepfungwa muUnited States. Akadzidza naEdwin Thorndike uye akazviitira zita nokuda kwekutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pehuchenjeri nevana vane zvipo.
Imwe yezvipo zvake zvakakosha yaiva tsvakurudzo yake pamusoro pepfungwa yevakadzi. Mhedziso yakakurumbira panguva iyoyo ndeyekuti vakadzi vakanga vari vaviri nevanonzwisisa zvishoma kune varume uye zvisizvo sevasina maturo pavakanga vava kuenda kumwedzi. Hollingworth akapikisa pfungwa idzi uye kutsvakurudza kwake kwakaratidza kuti vakadzi vakanga vakangwara uye vakakwanisa sevarume vaiva, zvisinei kuti nguva yemwedzi yakanga iri chii.
Zvakawanda zvaakagadzirisa zvichida zvinoshamisa zvikuru kufunga nezvekuti haana kungotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakura nekuda kwekusarura kwevakadzi, uye akafawo pazera remakore makumi mashanu. Pasinei noupenyu hwakapfupiswa, simba rake nemipiro yepamunda wepfungwa yakashamisa.
5 - Karen Horney
Karen Horney aiva nhengo yevanoshushikana nehana-Freudian vanozivikanwa nokuda kwake kutora chikadzi chepfungwa dzevakadzi. Apo Sigmund Freud yakakurudzirwa kuti vakadzi vanoona "pfini negodo," Horney akataura kuti varume vanotambura ne "chibereko cheshungu" uye kuti zviito zvavo zvose zvinotungamirirwa nechido chekuwedzera pamusoro pekuti havagone kubereka vana.
Kutaura kwake kusinganzwisisiki kwemafungiro aFrudhi kwakabatsira kunyanya kufunga nezvepfungwa yevakadzi. Dzidziso yake yezvinodiwa neurotic uye kutenda kwake kuti vanhu vaikwanisa kutora basa ravo pachavo mune hutano hwepfungwa yavo yaiva pakati pemamwe mimwe michero yakawanda kumunda wepfungwa.
6 - Melanie Klein
Tambai kurapa ndiyo nzira inowanzoshandiswa kubatsira vana kutaura manzwiro avo uye zviitiko nenzira yakasikwa uye inobatsira. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nhasi, mumwe mupfungwa wepanistanalyst anonzi Melanie Klein akaita basa rinokosha pakuvandudza nzira iyi. Achishandisa basa rake nevana, akaona kuti vana vanowanzoshandisa kutamba seimwe yenzira dzavo dzekukurukurirana.
Sezvo vana vaduku vasingakwanisi kune dzimwe nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa Freudian dzakadai sekushamwaridzana kusununguka, Klein akatanga kushandisa terevhizheni senzira yekutsvaga manzwiro ekusaziva kwevana, kushushikana, uye zvakaitika.
Basa raKlein rakaunza kusabvumirana kukuru naAna Freud, avo vaidavira kuti vana vaisagona kugadziriswa mupfungwa. Klein akataura kuti kuongorora zvakaitwa nemwana panguva yekutamba kwakaita kuti chiremba aongorore kuti kushamwaridzana kwakasiyana-siyana kunobatsira sei kukura kwe ego uye superego.
Nhasi, Kleinian psychoanalysis inofungidzirwa kuti ndeimwe yezvikoro zvikuru zvekufunga mukati mebasa re psychoanalysis.
7 - Mamie Phipps Clark
Kana iwe wakaverenga nezvaMamie Phipps Clark mumabhuku enyu, zita rake ringangodaro rinotaurwa chete mukupfuura. Izvi zvinosuruvarisa nokuti Clark akaita zvipo zvizhinji zvakakosha pakupfungwa kwepfungwa zvichibatanidza nekusimbisa Clark Doll Test, tsvakurudzo yake pamusoro pedzinza, uye basa rayo mune mbiri yakakurumbira 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education mhosva.
Clark akava mukadzi wekutanga mutema kuti awane dhigirii kubva ku Columbia University. Pasinei nekufungira kwakanyanya kunobva mukurudzi rwake uye zvepabonde, Clark akapfuurira kuva nyanzvi yezvepfungwa. Kutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pehutano hwemadzinza uye kuzvikudza kunobatsira nzira yekutsvakurudza mune ramangwana pamusoro pechikonzero chavo pachavo pakati pevashoma.
8 - Christine Ladd-Franklin
Basa raChristine Ladd-Franklin semutungamiri wechikadzi mune zvepfungwa rakatanga pakutanga kweupenyu sezvo amai vake naamai vake vakanga vachitsigira vatsigiri vekodzero dzevakadzi. Izvi zvakatanga kushanda kwete zvakamubatsira kuti abudirire mumunda wake pasinei nekupikisa kukuru, zvakare kwakamufuridzira basa rake rakazotevera richikurudzira kodzero dzevakadzi mune academia.
Ladd-Franklin aiva nezvinhu zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwepfungwa, pfungwa, mathematics, physics, uye nyeredzi. Akatsvaga mumwe wevatungamiri vepfungwa dzepfungwa dzezuva iroro, Edward Titchener, nekuda kwekusabvumira vakadzi muboka rake kuti vatsvake uye vakagadzirisa pfungwa yakawanda yevaravara.
Akadzidza paJohn Hopkins ndokupedzisa sangano rakanzi "The Algebra of Logic." Zvisinei, chikoro hachina kubvumira vakadzi kuti vagamuchire Ph.D. panguva iyoyo. Akaenderera mberi achipedza nguva muGermany achidzidza naHermann von Helmholtz naArtur Konig uye pakupedzisira vakaramba zvose zvemaonero avo emaronda kuti vazvigadzirire ivo pachavo. Pakupedzisira, muna 1926, makore makumi mana nemakore apedza kupedza chikamu chake, John Hopkins akamupa chiremba cha doctorate chaakawana zvakakodzera.
Mazuva ano, anoyeukwa nokuda kwebasa rake mune zvepfungwa uye simba rayo semukadzi ari kupayona mumunda kamwe wakatungamirirwa nevanhu.
9 - Margaret Floy Washburn
Margaret Floy Washburn ndiye mukadzi wokutanga kupiwa Ph.D. in Psychology. Akaitisa kudzidza kwake naEdwin B. Tichener uye ndiye aive mudzidzi wake wokutanga kudzidza. Kufanana nevakadzi vazhinji vari pane urongwa uhwu, basa rake mune zvepfungwa rakagadzirwa munguva apo vakadzi vaiwanzosiyiwa nzvimbo mune academia inobva pahutano hwavo. Pasinei neizvi, akava muchengeti anoremekedzwa, munyori, uye mudzidzisi.
Mukurumbira wake wekutsvakurudza waiva munzvimbo dzekucherechedza mhuka uye hutano hwehupenyu. Akanyatsokurudzira kuenzanisa kwepfungwa uye akaumba motokari yeruzivo rwekucherechedza zvichiratidza kuti kufamba kwemuviri kwaiva nemagariro pfungwa.
10 - Eleanor Maccoby
Zita raEleanor Maccoby rinowanzozivikanwa kune ani zvake akambodzidza kufambira mberi kwepfungwa. Basa rake rokupayona mukurapa kwepfungwa dzepabonde rakabatanidzwa mukunyatsonzwisisa kwatinoita zvinhu zvakadai sehukama hwevanhu, hupenyu hwehupenyu hwekusiyana kwepabonde, uye zvebonde.
Akanga ari mukadzi wokutanga kugadza dhipatimendi rezvepfungwa paStanford University uye, nemhinduro yake, mukadzi wekutanga kuti ape hurukuro kuStanford akapfeka pantsuit. Anoramba achiita basa semupurofesa aripo kuStanford uye akagamuchira mibayiro yakawanda nokuda kwebasa rake rekusimudzira, kusanganisira Maccoby Book Award inonzi mukuremekedzwa kwake.