Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekufunga nezvehupenyu hwevanhu. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinoshandisa maonero akasiyana-siyana paunodzidza maonero anoita vanhu, kunzwa, uye kuzvibata. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoisa pfungwa pachikoro chimwe chepfungwa, sechiitiko chezvakaberekwa, asi vamwe vanotora nzira yakawanda yekuita iyo inosanganisira maonero akawanda ekuona. Hapana humwe humwe humwe huno "huri nani" kune humwe; imwe neimwe inongoratidzira kusimbisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwevanhu.
Major Perspectives muNhasi Psychology
Makore okutanga ekupfungwa kwepfungwa akacherechedzwa nekugadzwa kwekutsvaga kwezvikoro zvakasiyana zvekufunga. Kana iwe wakambotora chikoro chepfungwa muchikoro, unogona kuyeuka kudzidza pamusoro pezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvaisanganisira kuronga, hutsika, psychoanalysis, hutsika, uye hukama hwevanhu. Sezvo psychology yakakura, ndizvo zvakaita nhamba nemhando dzakasiyana dzemasayenzi ezvepfungwa dzinoongorora. Kubvira pakutanga kwema1960, munda wepfungwa yakagadziridza uye huri kuramba uchikura nokukurumidza, uye ndizvo zvakafanana nekudzika nekukwirira kwezvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa nevepfungwa dzepfungwa.
Nhasi, vashoma vepfungwa dzepfungwa vanoratidza maonero avo maererano nechikoro chekufunga. Paunenge uchiri kuwana maitiro ekuchenesa kana psychoanalysts, vazhinji vezvepfungwa dzepfungwa panzvimbo yavo vanoronga basa ravo maererano nehuwandu hwavo uye maonero.
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kune imwechete Nyaya
Nyaya imwe neimwe mune zvepfungwa inogona kutariswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Somuenzaniso, ngationgororei nyaya yechisimba . Mumwe munhu anosimbisa maonero ehupenyu anotarisa kuti uropi nehutano hwemagetsi zvinokanganisa sei utsinye. Imwe nyanzvi inomanikidzika maitiro ekuzvibata ingatarisa kuti kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza kunowedzera sei zviito zvechisimba.
Imwe nyanzvi yezvepfungwa iyo inoshandisa nzira yekufamba-tsika inogona kutarisa kuti tsika nemagariro evanhu zvinobatsira sei kumanikidzira kana kurwisana.
Pano pane zvinomwe zvepfungwa huru mune zvemazuva ano zvepfungwa.
1. Maonero ePyydydynamic
Maonero ekugadzikana kwepfungwa akatanga nebasa raSigmund Freud . Maonero aya ezvepfungwa nehutsika hwevanhu anosimbisa chikamu chepfungwa dzisina ruzivo, ruzivo rwemucheche, uye hukama hwehukama hunotsanangura maitiro evanhu uye kubata vanhu vane zvirwere zvepfungwa.
Psychoanalysis yakava imwe yezvokutanga masimba makuru mukati mepfungwa dzepfungwa nekuda kwebasa raFrud uye simba. Freud akave nemuviri wepfungwa sekunyorwa kwezvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha: id, ego, uye superego . Iyo id ndiyo chikamu chepfungwa chinosanganisira zvose zvishuwo zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvisingazivi. Ego ndiyo inofanirwa ne psyche inofanirwa kutarisana nemitemo yenyika chaiye. I-superego ndiyo chikamu chekupedzisira chepfungwa yekukudziridza uye inotarisirwa nekugadzirisa zvose zvatinodzidza mumitemo, mitemo, uye zvinangwa.
2. Maitiro ekuzvibata
Maitiro ekuita maitiro ehupfungwa ndeye pfungwa inotarisa pamaitiro ekudzidza. Kuita maitiro kunopesana nemamwe maonero mazhinji nokuti panzvimbo yekusimbisa zviri mukati mezvematongerwo enyika, inotarisa chete pane zvinoonekwa zvinoita.
Kunyange zvazvo chikoro ichi chepfungwa chakakonzerwa nepfungwa kare pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, yakatanga kurasikirwa nebasa rayo muma1950. Nhasi, maitiro ekuzvibata anoramba achifunga nezvekuti maitiro anodzidza sei uye anosimbiswa. Maitiro ekuita maitiro anowanzoshandiswa muhutano hwehutano hwepfungwa, apo vanachiremba nevadzidzisi vanoshandisa nzira idzi kutsanangura nekubata zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.
3. Mafungiro eCognitive
Munguva dzema1960, maonero matsva anozivikanwa sehupfungwa hwepfungwa yakatanga kubata. Iyi nharaunda yepfungwa dzinoisa pfungwa pamagariro ekuita sekuyeuka, kufunga, kugadzirisa matambudziko, mutauro, nekugadzirisa zvisarudzo.
Inopesvedzwa nevepfungwa dzepfungwa dzakadai saJean Piaget naAlbert Bandura , maonero aya akakura zvikuru mumakumi emakore apfuura.
Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinoziva nguva dzose dzinoshandisa nzira yekugadzirisa mashoko, kufananidza pfungwa dzevanhu kumakombiyuta, kufungidzira kuti ruzivo rwakagadzirwa sei, ruchengetedzwa, rwakachengetedzwa, uye runoshandiswa.
4. Biological Perspective
Kudzidza kwehutano hwepanyama kwakaita basa guru mukukudziridza kwepfungwa dzepfungwa semasayeri akasiyana. Nhasi, maonero aya anozivikanwa sehupenyu hwepfungwa. Dzimwe nguva dzinonzi biopsychology kana mupfungwa dzepfungwa, pfungwa iyi inowedzera zvisikwa zvepanyama uye zvepanyama.
Vatsvakurudzi vanotora maonero ehupenyu panyaya dzepfungwa vanogona kutarisa kuti mageneti anogadzirisa sei mafambiro akasiyana kana kuti kukanganisa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeuropi hunochinja maitiro uye unhu. Zvinhu zvakadai sehutachiona, genetics, uropi, maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere, uye maitiro ekugadzirisa zvirwere zvinongova zvikamu zvishomanana zvezvidzidzo zvinowanzofarira zvipfungwa zvepfungwa dzepfungwa.
Aya maonero akawedzerwa zvikuru mumakumi mashoma emakore akapfuura, kunyanya nekufambira mberi kwekugona kwedu kuongorora uye kunzwisisa hutano hwevanhu nehutano hwemagetsi. Zvishandiso zvakadai semagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inoongorora uye positron emission tomography (PET) scans inobvumira vatsvakurudzi kutarisa uropi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana. Masayendisiti anogona zvino kutarisa zvinokonzerwa nekuora kwehuropi, zvinodhaka, uye zvirwere munzira dzaisakwanisika munguva yakapfuura.
5. Muchinjikwa-Mutsika Maonero
Mupfungwa-mutsika yepfungwa ndeye maonero matsva akakura zvikuru kupfuura makore makumi maviri apfuura. Masayendisiti nevatsvakurudzi vari muchikoro ichi chekufunga vanotarisa maitiro evanhu mumitemo yakasiyana. Nokuona maitiro aya, tinogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti tsika inokanganisa sei kufunga kwedu nemafambiro edu.
Semuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vakatarisa kuti mafungiro emagariro evanhu akasiyana sei mumarudzi evanhu pachavo uye evanhu vose . Mune tsika dzevanhu , zvakadai seU.S., vanhu vanowanzoshanda nesimba kana vari chikamu cheboka, chimwe chinhu chinonzi social loafing . Mune dzimwe tsika dzakadai seChina, zvisinei, vanhu vanowanzoshanda nesimba kana vari chikamu cheboka.
6. Evhangeri Yokufungidzira
Evolutionary psychology inotarisa pakuongorora kwekuti kushanduka-shanduka kunotsanangura sei maitiro ehupenyu. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa nevanotsvakurudza vanotora nheyo dzemitemo yekushanduka-shanduka, kusanganisira kusarudzwa kwezvakasikwa, uye kuishandise kune zvepfungwa mupfungwa. Iyi maonero anoratidza kuti aya maitiro ekufunga aripo nokuti anoshumira kushanduka kwechinangwa-anobatsira mukupona uye kubereka.
7. Mafungiro aMwari
Munguva ye1950, chikoro chepfungwa chinonzi " psychology" chinowanikwa. Inopesvedzerwa zvikuru nebasa revanhu vakakurumbira vakadai saCar Rogers naAbraham Maslow , maonero aya anosimbisa basa rekukurudzira mupfungwa uye mufambiro.
Mhemberero dzakadai sokuzvitsvaga-izvo ndezvekukosha kwemaonero aya. Vaya vanotora maonero evanhu vanofunga nezve nzira iyo vanhu vari kutungamirirwa kukura, kuchinja, nekuvandudza maitiro avo ega. Positive psychology , iyo inonyanya kubatsira kubatsira vanhu kurarama kufara, hupenyu huri nani, ndeyekufambidzana kwemazuva ano kwepfungwa dzinobva mumanzwiro evanhu.
Mifungo Yokupedzisira
Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekufunga pamusoro pemafungiro evanhu nemafambiro. Maitiro akasiyana-siyana mune zvemazuva ano emapfungwa anopa vatsvakurudzi nevadzidzi zvishandiso zvekutarisana nematambudziko uye vanovabatsira kuwana nzira itsva dzokutsanangura uye kufanotaura mararamiro evanhu, zvichiita kuti kuve nekugadzirwa kwetsva nzira dzokurapa kwekuita zvinetso.