Bhuku Rekuziva uye Rokugadzirisa reMental Disorders rakabudiswa neAmerican Psychiatric Association uye rinoshandiswa nevarapi vezvepfungwa uye chiremba zvepfungwa dzepfungwa kuti vaongorore zvinetso zvepfungwa. Shanduro yekutanga yeDSM yakabudiswa muna 1952. Kunyange yakapfuura nhamba yezvakadzokororwa pamusoro pemakore anopindira, inoramba ichinyorwa chirevo pamusoro pekusawirirana kwepfungwa.
Nhasi shanduko yekuongorora chirwere, DSM-5, yakabudiswa munaMay 2013 uye inotsanangura zvinetso zvakasiyana siyana zvinosanganisira kushungurudzika kwepfungwa, bipolar uye zvinetso zvakasiyana, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa, kudya uye kushaiwa kwekudya, uye kushandiswa kwemishonga.
Pasinei nehuwandu hwekusawirirana kunowanikwa mune shanduro yezvino yeDMM, kune zvimwe zvimwe zvinhu zvausingawani mubhuku. Mimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, ichiri kuongororwa nevamwe vanachiremba uye masayendisiti, haazivikanwi zvakajeka sematambudziko akasiyana mu DSM-5.
Ndezvipi Zvimwe Zvisinganyorwa muDMM-5?
Kunyange zvazvo DSM ine nhamba yakawanda yevhiringidzi, haisi iyo yakakwana yakazara mamiriro ezvinhu ose angave aripo. Mamwe emamiriro ezvinhu iye zvino asingazivikanwi mu DSM-5 anosanganisira:
- Orthorexia
- Zvepabonde zvinodhaka
- Asperger's syndrome
- Parental alienation syndrome
- Kurapa kwekudzivirira pathological
- Internet addiction
- Sensory processing disorder
- Misophonia
Ndezvipi chaizvoizvo mimwe mamiriro akanyorwa muDMM apo vamwe vasiri? Muzviitiko zvizhinji, zvinowira kune kuwanda kwekutsvakurudza kunowanikwa paanofungidzirwa chirwere.
Semuenzaniso, apo inotengesa kushandiswa kwekambani inenge yakarongwa kuongororwa, kuchine humwe hupikano hwakanyanya pamusoro pekuti inofanira kuonekwa semamiriro akaoma here kana kuti ingave kuratidzwa kweimwe chirwere.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kushandiswa kwekombiyuta kunosanganisira zvizhinji zvezviratidzo zvinosangana nedzimwe nhamo dzinogamuchirwa neDMM, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwakanyanya, migumisiro yakaipa inosanganiswa nekushandiswa, kubvisa, uye kushivirira.
Vamwe vanotaura kuti nguva isati yakwana kuifunga kuti yakanyatsozivikanwa uye kuti izwi rokuti 'kusvuta' iro pacharo rakashandiswa zvakanyanya. "Kana chero chido chokuratidzira kubva heroin kuchigadzira zvikwama zviduku chiratidzo che 'kusvuta,' ipapo izwi rinotsanangura zvose uye hapana," akadaro mumwe muongorori.
Muchidimbu, mamiriro akanyorwa muDMM kazhinji ane nhoroondo yakareba yekutsvakurudza ine ruzivo rwakawanda rwemashoko pamusoro pezviratidzo, kupararira, uye kurapwa kunotsigira kuiswa kwavo. Kune zvakawanda zvezvinetso zvinoratidzika zviripo muDMM, kutsvakurudza uku hakusipo-zvisati zvichange zvisati zvaitika.
Orthorexia seMuenzaniso
Funga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu orthorexia . Izwi rokuti orthorexia rakatanga kuumbwa mugore ra1996 uye rinowanzotsanangurwa sechinhu chinokanganisa nekudya kwakanaka. Maererano nechinangwa chekuongororwa chinoratidzwa nachiremba uyo akatanga kuziva chirwere chacho, zviratidzo zveetrothoxia zvinosanganisira kunyanya kufunga nezvezvokudya zvinogadziriswa zvakagadzirirwa kuita hutano hwakanaka. Zviratidzo izvi zvekudya zvinowanzobatanidza kubviswa kana kudziviswa kwemazana ose ezvokudya.
Apo mitemo iyi yekuzvipira inoputswa, munhu wacho angasara ane manzwiro akawandisa okuzvidya mwoyo, kunyadziswa, uye kutya kwezvirwere. Zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kukurasikirwa kukuru, kushaikwa kwezvokudya, kushungurudzika , uye zviratidzo zvemuviri.
Asi haugoni kuwana zviratidzo izvi zvinokurukurwa mu DSM-5. Izvozvo ndezvokuti orthorexia haina kuzivikanwa sechirwere chepamutemo mu DSM.
Sei ichi? Orthorexia inoshandiswa mutsva inoshandiswa kune imwe mamiriro asina kuwanikwa akawanda ekutsvakurudza. Dhiyabhorosi Stephen Bratman, chiremba uyo akambogadzirira chirwere chacho, haana kufunga nezvacho sechirwere chekunyatsorwara kusvikira awana kuti vanhu havana kungoziva chete nehuwandu hwekuongororwa, asi kuti vamwe vangave vachirasikirwa nayo.
Nepo pane kushayikwa kwezvidzidzo zvepamusoro pamusoro pezviratidzo uye kupararira kwehutanoti, Dr. Bratman nevamwe vanoratidza kuti pane humwe humwe uchapupu hwakakwana hwokukurudzira hutsvakurudzo uye nekukwanisa kuongororwa semamiriro akasiyana.
Zvinetso Zvitsva Zvinozviita sei muDMM?
Saka iyo iyo DSM komiti inotarisa painoona kuti zvinetso zvipi zvinofanira kuiswa mubhuku rekuongorora?
Kuongorora kwebhuku racho kwakakonzerwa nekutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano mune neuroscience, matambudziko akange awanikwa mune shanduro yekare yebhuku racho, uye chido chekuenzanisa zvakanakisisa bhuku racho nehuwandu hwekutsvaga kweInternational Classification of Diseases.
Pakutanga mukugadzirisa kwekuvandudza, nyanzvi dzinopfuura 400 dzinobva mumasangano akasiyana-siyana kusanganisira masayendisiti, psychology, epidemiology, kunyanya kutarisira, neurology, vanachiremba, nekutsvakurudza zvakabatanidzwa mumakwikwi emakambani emarudzi akawanda akazoita mukugadzirwa kwemaonografia akagadzirirwa kubatsira kuzivisa DSM -5 Task Force sezvavakagadzira zvigadziro zvekushandurwa kune bhuku rekuongorora.
Kana imwe nguva chirwere ichi chave chichigadziriswa kuti chigume, komiti inongororai kutsvakurudza kuripo pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu uye inogona kutumira zvidzidzo kuti iongorore kutsvaga chirwere chinorongwa. Icho chisarudzo chinozopedzisira chiripo neboka reDMM.
Nzira yekuwedzera dambudziko idzva haisi kusagadzikana. Maererano nekumwe kutsvakurudza, zvinopfuura hafu yevadzidzisi vari mubasa rekunyora DSM-IV vaiva nehutano hwemari kumakambani emishonga. Kubatana kwakadaro kunopesana nevatsoropodzi, avo vanofunga kuti kuiswa kwezvimwe zvinetso zvinogona kunge zvakanyanyobatanidzwa nevanokwanisa kuita zvikwereti zvakakura zvemakambani emishonga. Kushungurudzika kwakadai sekugadzirisa kushungurudzika kwepfungwa uye kushungurudzika kwevanhu munzanga, vatsoropodzi ava vanopomera, vangave varipo pane imwe chikamu nekuti vanokurudzira kunyora zvinopesana nezvinopesana nezvinodzvinyirira uye zvinopesana nezvinodhaka zvinodhaka.
Ko Kana Iwe Uine Mamiriro Ekuti Haasi muDMM-5?
Saka zvinorevei kuvarwere vane zviratidzo zvehutano husingazivikanwi nehutano hunozivikanwa? Kune vamwe vanhu, zvinogona kureva kusiyana pakati pekugamuchira kurapwa kwehutano hwepfungwa nekusava nekugona kutarisira. Iyo DSM inobatsira kupa vanachiremba, vanachiremba, uye vezvepfungwa mutauro wakatarisana wekutaura nezvekusawirirana kwepfungwa , asiwo unobata basa rinokosha muhutori reimbursement. Kuongororwa kunowanzodiwa kuti uwane mari yeinishuwarenzi yehutano hwepfungwa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, varwere vanogona kungokwanisa kubhadhara kurapwa kana vakagamuchira kuongororwa kunozivikanwa ne DSM-5.
Kune vamwe vanhu, kusaona mamiriro avo mu DSM-5 kunogona kuwedzera kumanzwiro ekuparadzanisa. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vachiona kuiswa kwepfungwa mamiriro ekudzivirira nekunyanyisa, vamwe vanozviona zvichibatsira uye vanofunga kuti kuiswa muDMM kunomiririra kuti zviratidzo zvavo zvinozivikanwa nevechiremba. Chirwere chekuongorora chirongwa chinopa tariro kuvarwere ava, avo vanogona pakupedzisira vachinzwa kuti havana kuwana tsanangudzo iyo inobatsira zviratidzo zvavo, asiwo mukana wekuti vanogona kubudirira kukunda kana kuti vadzoke kubva kune chirwere chavo.
Kuchinja muNyorwa Yepfupi yeDMM
Mune shanduro yakapfuura yechirwere chekuongorora, mamwe matambudziko akazivikanwa kare akabviswa zvechokwadi. Asperger's syndrome, somuenzaniso, yaifungidzirwa kuti yakasiyana-siyana muDMM-IV, asi yakabatwa pasi pemuraira weAustism Spectrum Disorders mu DSM-5. Ichi chisarudzo chakaita nharo huru sekuwanda kwevanhu vanotya iyo inogona kureva kurasikirwa nekuongorora kwavo uye pakupedzisira inotungamirira kurasikirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzebasa rinokosha.
Chimwe shanduko chaiva kubviswa kwe "zvisati zvataurwa" kuongororwa kubva mu DSM-5. Izvi zvakagadzirisa varwere vaiva nezvimwe zvezviratidzo zvechirwere asi havana kukwanisa kugadzirisa zvizere zvezvidzidzo. MuDMM-5, 'zvisati zvarondedzerwa' sarudzo inogona kubviswa pamatambudziko akawanda ematambudziko, kana kutsiviwa ne'imwe dambudziko rakataridzika 'kana kuti' chirwere chisingazivikanwi. '
Zviratidzo zvinokundikana kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekuongororwa kwechirwere chepfungwa chinowanikwa chinogona kuwira pasi peboka rakazara re "mamwe matambudziko epfungwa." Iyo DSM-5 inoona kushungurudzwa kwechina mune izvi:
- Zvimwe zvakananga chirwere chepfungwa nekuda kwechiremba mamiriro
- Ununspecified mind disorder nekuda kwechiremba mamiriro
- Zvimwe zvakananga chirwere chepfungwa
- Kusingazivikanwi mupfungwa yepfungwa
Ikoko-yeboka rose re "zvisingazivikanwe nehutano hwepfungwa" zvakare rakatsoropodzwa kubva kune vamwe vezvepfungwa nevepfungwa dzepfungwa kune izvo zvavanonzwa kuti kusakwanisa kunyatsoona. Chikonzero chega chekugamuchira chirwere chacho ndechekuti murwere haatauri "zvakakwana zvinokonzera chirwere chepfungwa." Izvi, zvinoratidzira, zvinogona kureva kuti vanhu vanokundikana kugamuchira kururamisa uye kunyanya kuongorororwa izvo zvingaguma zvichitungamirira kwavari kusagamuchira kurapwa kwakanaka kwemamiriro avo.
Kunyange zvazvo zvirwere zvakawanda zvekushandisa zvinhu zvakaratidzwa muDMM, izvo zvinosanganisira kudya, zvepabonde, caffeine, neIndaneti hazvina kukonzera muchero wezvino. Zvisinei, zvose zvinoshandiswa nekasefe uye yekutamba mitambo zvakanyorwa semamiriro ezvinhu anoda kutsvakurudza mberi uye angafungidzirwa mune zvinyorwa zvitsva zvebhuku.
Mamiriro Ezvimwe Kudzidza
Pane humwe mamiriro ezvinhu angafanirwa nekufanirwa mune ramangwana muDMM? Bhuku racho rinosanganisirawo chikamu che "mamiriro ezvinhu ekuwedzera kudzidza." Kunyange zvazvo mitemo iyi isingagamuchirwi sekusawirirana kwakasiyana mune shanduro yezvino yeDMM, bhuku racho rinoziva kuti rinoda kuti riongorore kutsvaga uye rinogona kuiswa mune zvinyorwa zvebhuku rinotevera zvichienderana nehuchapupu hwakapiwa.
Ichi chikamu che DSM-5 chinogona kufungidzirwa sechimwe chinhu chimwe chekunyora mazita. Kutsvakurudza pamusoro pemamiriro aya kunofungidzirwa kuderera panguva ino, asi kuwedzera kudzidza mune zvinhu zvakadai sekuwanda, kuongororwa kwekuongorora, uye zvipingamupinyi zvinokurudzirwa.
Ndezvipi zvinetso zviripo zvino zvichinyorwa muchikamu chino che DSM-5? Ikozvino pane mamiriro masere akasiyana akaonekwa seanoda kudzidza zvakare:
- Akataurirwa Psychosis Syndrome
- Depressive Episodes With Short-Duration Hypomania
- Kusagadzikana Kwakanyanya Kushungurudzika Kwekuparara
- Neurobehavioral Disorder Inobatanidza Nekuzvarwa Kwekudhakwa Kunwa Doro
- Suicidal Behavior Disorder
- Nonsuicidal Kuzvikuvadza
- Caffeine Shandisa Dambudziko
- Internet Gaming Disorder
Kunyange zvazvo mitemo iyi ichinge isingazivikanwi sekushungurudzika kwakanyanyisa panguva ino, inogona kuguma iine hutano hwakakwana hunozotevera mune shanduro dzeDMM.
Chii Chinotevera? Real-Time Updates kune DSM
Kumwe kutsoropodzwa kweDSM ndechokuti bhuku pacharo rinowanzoregerera mberi nekutsvakurudza ikozvino pamusoro pezvinetso zvakasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo shanduro yakakurumbira yebhuku iyi yakabudiswa muna 2013, yakatangira, DSM-IV, yakanga yava nemakore makumi maviri nemashanu panguva yekubudiswa kwechishanu.
Kunyora ku STAT, chiremba chepfungwa Michael B. Chokutanga anotsanangura kuti chinangwa cheAAPA ndechekuita kuti zvive nyore kuvandudza bhuku kuitira kuti kuratidze kutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano nekumwe kuchinja mumunda wepfungwa dzepfungwa. Kutanga iri nhengo yedare idzva reAppM Steering Committee, iro rinotarisira kushandiswa nekufambisa kwekudhinda kwekudhijita kuitira kuti DSM iwedzere mberi. Chinangwa ndechekudziridza muenzaniso unobvumira bhuku rekuongorora kuti rambe richivandudza uye zvigadziriswe zvigadziro pane zvakasimba dhiyabhorosi uye uchapupu huripo.
Mukuita kudaro, vanotarisira kuti ramangwana reDMM richazara zvizere nekufambira mberi kwesayenzi kukurumidza kudarika maitiro akare ekudzokorora, ayo achange achishumira kubatsira masayendisiti, makiriniki epfungwa, nevamwe vanopa utano hwepfungwa vanogona kushumira varwere vavo.
Shoko Rinobva
Kunyange zvazvo DSM-5 isingasanganisi mamiriro ese ezvinhu angave aripo, iyo inokosha yekushandisa nekunyatsoongorora nekurapa chirwere chepfungwa. Mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu angave asiri kuonekwa panguva ino mubhuku, asi izvozvo zvinogona kuchinja mune zvinyorwa zvenguva yemberi kana tsvakurudzo inobvumidza kuiswa kwavo.
Kana iwe uchinzwa kuti une zviratidzo zvehutano hunogona kana husingaverengeki muDMM, taura iwe unopa utano hwehutano kuti uwedzere kuongororwa kuitira kuti ugone kurapwa uye kurapwa.
> Sources:
> American Psychiatric Association. DSM Nhoroondo.
> American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Kuongororwa uye nhamba yehuwandu hwehutano hwepfungwa (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Munyori.
> Dunn, T & Bratman, S. On orthorexia nervosa: Kuongororwa kwemabhuku uye zvinoda kuongororwa. Kudya Zvinyorwa. 2016; 21: 11-7
> Pies, R. Kana DSM-V inoreva "kuwedzera internet" chirwere chepfungwa here? Psychiatry. 2009; 6 (2): 31-37.
> Regier, DA, Kuhl, EA, & Kupfer, DJ. I DSM-5: Kuronga uye zvigadziridzo zvinoshanduka. World Psychiatry. 2013; 12 (2): 92-98.