Sei vanhu dzimwe nguva vachichitevera mirairo, kunyange kana zvichireva kuita chimwe chinhu chavanoziva kuti chakaipa?
Kuteerera inzira yehutungamiri hwevanhu hunosanganisira kuita chiito pasi pekuraira kwechiremera chiremera. Icho chinopesana nokuteerera (izvo zvinosanganisira kuchinja maitiro ako pane chikumbiro chomumwe munhu) uye kufanana (izvo zvinosanganisira kuchinja mararamiro ako kuitira kuti uende pamwe nevamwe vose boka).
Pane kudaro, kuteerera kunosanganisira kuchinja mararamiro ako nokuti chimiro chechiremera chakakuudza.
Kuteerera Kunopesana Sei Nokuwirirana?
Kuteerera kunopesana nekuwirirana nenzira nhatu dzinokosha:
- Kuteerera kunosanganisira kurongeka; kufanana kunosanganisira chikumbiro.
- Kuteerera kunosanganisira kutevera urongwa hweumwe munhu ane nzvimbo yakakwirira; kuwirirana kunowanzobatanidza kuenda pamwe nevanhu vanoenzana.
- Kuteerera kunovimbika pamasimba evanhu; kuwirirana kunotsigira kudiwa kwekugamuchirwa nevanhu.
Milgramu Yokuteerera Kuedza
Munguva dzema1950, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Stanley Milgram yakashamiswa nekuenzanisa kwakaitwa naSolomon Asch . Basa raAsch rakaratidza kuti vanhu vaigona kutengesa nyore nyore kuti varatidze kushamwaridzana kweboka, asi Milgram yaida kuona kuti vanhu vangada kusvika kupi.
Kutongwa kwaAdolf Eichmann, uyo akanga ataronga uye akakwanisa kubudiswa kwevaJudha munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, yakabatsira kutsigira kufarirwa kwaMilgram munyaya yekuteerera.
Muedzo wose, Eichmann akataura kuti akanga achingova kutevera mirairo uye kuti haana kunzwa aine mhosva yebasa rake mukuuraya kwevanhu vazhinji nokuti akanga achingoita zvaaida vakuru vake uye kuti haana kuita basa mukusarudza kuparadza vatapwa.
Milgram yakanga yatanga kuongorora mubvunzo uyu "maJermany akasiyana here?" asi akakurumidza kuona kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu runoshamisa zvinoteerera kuvane simba.
Pashure pekutyisa kweHolocaust, vamwe vanhu, vakadai saEichmann, vakatsanangura kubatanidzwa kwavo mumatambudziko kuburikidza nekuratidza kuti vaingoita sezvavakarayirwa. Milgram yaida kuziva - vanhu vaizovhiringidza mumwe munhu here kana vakarayirwa nemumwe munhu ane simba? Kungova nesimba zvakadini kukanganiswa kwekuteerera?
Zvidzidzo zveMilgram zvaisanganisira kuisa vatori vechikamu muimba uye kuvatungamira kuti vagovhundutsa magetsi kune "mudzidzi" ari mune imwe imba. Asingazivikanwi nemubatanidzwa, munhu anonzi achigamuchira kushungurudzika aive mukati mutsvaga uye aingoita maitiro ezvokufungidzira zvinotyisa. Zvinotoshamisa kuti Milgram yakawana kuti 65 muzana yevatori vechikamu vaida kupa hurukuro yekutyisidzika kwemirairo yemuongorori.
Zimbardo's Prison Experiment
Milgram yakakavhiringidza maitiro yakakonzera kufarira kukuru mupfungwa yekuteerera. Mumakore ekuma1970, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Firipi Zimbardo akaongorora kuongorora kwevasungwa nehupenyu hwejeri. Akamisa jeri rakasekwa muchitsime cheDhipatimendi reStanford University, uye akagovera vatori vechikamu kuti vaite basa revasungwa kana varindi, pamwe naZimbardo pachake achiita sejeri warden.
Chidzidzo chacho chaifanira kubviswa shure kwemazuva matanhatu chete kunyange zvazvo pakutanga chakanga chagadzirirwa kupedza vhiki mbiri. Sei vatsvakurudzi vakapedzisa kuedza kwakakurumidza? Nemhaka yekuti vatori vechikamu vakanga vava kuita basa ravo, nevarindi vachishandisa nzira dzehurumende kuti vawane kuteerera kwevasungwa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, varindi vakatoisa vasungwa kukunetseka mupfungwa, kushungurudzwa, uye kutambudzwa mumuviri. Migumisiro yeruzivo rweStanford Prison inowanzoshandiswa kuratidza kuti nyore nyore vanhu vanofurirwa nemamiriro emabasa uye mamiriro ezvinhu anokandwa mukati, asi Zimbardo zvakare akataura kuti zvakatipoteredza zvinobatsira pakuita kuti vanhu vaonekwe kuti vanoteerera masimba.
Kuteerera muChiito
Miridzo yekuedza yakaisa danho rekutsvakurudza mune ramangwana mukuteerera, uye nyaya yacho yakakurumidza kuva hurukuro inopisa mukati mehutano hwemagariro evanhu . Asi chii chaizvoizvo vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanoti kana vachitaura pamusoro pokuteerera?
Mamwe matsanangudzo, mienzaniso, uye maonero:
- "Zvidzidzo zvakaitwa pamwe nevatori mune dzimwe nyika, nevana, uye nedzimwe nzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Kushandiswa kunonakidza kwechirevo ichi kwave kune hukama hwechiremba-chiremba.Ukuongorora kwakawanda kwakaratidza kuti vanamukoti vanowanzoita mirairo yechiremba kunyange kana pane chikonzero chakanaka chekutenda kuti kunogona kukuvara kunogona kuuya kumurwere. "
(Breckler, Olson, & Wiggins, 2006) - "Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakabva vatsanangura zvakawanikwa naMilgram.Vadzidzi vekuchikoro chesekondari vakawanikwa vari kunyanya kuda kuteerera mirairo.Kutsvakurudza kwemuchinjikwa mune dzimwe tsika dzekuMadokero kwakapawo mitero yakakwirira yekuteerera vachishandisa nzira yaMilgram.Nhamo, zvinoratidzika sekuti Milgram yakawanikwa dzakanga dzisingasviki. "
(Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2013) - "Kuenzanisa nekuteerera kwakasiyana nedzimwe tsika dzeAmerica here?" Kwete. "Kuedza kweAsch naMirigram kwakave kwakadzokororwa munzvimbo dzakawanda, kwavakabereka zvibereko zvakafanana zvakafanana neakaonekwa muUnited States.Naizvozvo zvinoshamisa zvekuenderana uye kuteerera zvinoratidzika kuva inopfuurira tsika ... Zvizhinji zvezviongorori zvakashuma kunyange kuteerera kwepamusoro kwepamusoro kune iyo inowanikwa muMiragram yeAmerican samples.Semuenzaniso, kuteerera kwemazana emadhora makumi mapfumbamwe nezana (80%) zvakataurwa nezvemashamba kubva kuItaly, Germany, Austria, Spain, neHolland. " (Weiten, 2010)
References
Breckler, SJ, Olson, JM, & Wiggins, EC (2006). Social Psychology Alive. Belmont, CA: Cengage Kudzidza.
Milgram, S. (1974). Kuteerera Kumasimba: Maonero Anongoratidzwa . New York: Harper uye Row. Mharidzo yakanakisisa yebasa raMilgram inowanikwawo muBrown, R. (1986). Masangano ehurumende muKuteerera nekumukira. Social Psychology: The Second Edition . New York: The Free Press.
Pastorino, EE & Doyle-Portillo, SM (2013). Chii Chinonzi Psychology ?: Zvinyorwa. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Kudzidza.
Weiten, W. (2010). Psychology: Zvinyorwa uye kusiyana. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.