Stanley Milgram aiva nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu anoyeukwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekunyora kwake kwekuteerera kwakashata. Tsvakurudzo yake yakaratidza kuti vanhu vari kure vanoda kuenda kunoteerera masimba. Kuongorora kwake kunorangarirwawo nekuda kwehutano hwavo, izvo zvakagadzirisa kuchinja kwokuti kuedza kunogona kuitwa sei nhasi.
Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pehupenyu hwake, nhaka, uye simba pamusoro pepfungwa panyaya iyi pfupi.
Stanley Milgram Yakanyanya Kuzivikanwa ye:
- The Milgram Teerera Ongororo
- Familiar Stranger
- Nzira Yechidiki Yenyika
Upenyu Hwekutanga
Stanley Milgram akaberekwa musi waAugust 15, 1933 kune mhuri yevaJudha vanoenda kune imwe nyika muNew York City. Milgram yakaenda kuna James Monroe High School, uko akakurumidza kuwana mbiri mukushanda nesimba uye mutungamiriri akasimba uye akapedza chikoro chesekondari mumakore matatu chete. Mumwe wevana vaaidzidza naye aiva mugariro wemagariro ehupenyu hwepabonde Philip Zimbardo .
Akawana Bachelor yake muPolitiki yeScience kubva kuQueens College muna 1954. Panguva ino, zvaaifarira zvakashandura kuzvipfungwa zvepfungwa, asi pakutanga akamborambwa kubva kuHarvard University purogiramu yekupedza kudzidza muSocial Relations sezvo asina kumbobvira atora imwe sorology yepamusoro munguva yepascheduate makore. Akazogona kugamuchira kubvuma uye akaenderera mberi kuti awane Ph.D. wake. muna Social Psychology muna 1960 pasi pekutungamirirwa kwechigadzirwa chepfungwa Gordon Allport .
Basa uye Kuziva Kuteerera Kuedza
Panguva yekudzidza kwake, Milgram akanga apedza gore achishanda somutsvakurudzo anobatsira Soromoni Asch uyo aifarira kufanana nemagariro evanhu. Kuongorora kweAsch kufanirwa kwekuenzanisa kunosanganisira kuva nevatori vechikamu vachitonga urefu hwemutsara. Milgram yakafuridzirwa nekudzidza uye yakaramba ichiita chiitiko chakafanana chaizomuita mukurumbira.
Akatanga kushanda paYale muna 1960 uye akatanga kutungamirira kuedza kwake kuedza muna 1961. Muzviitiko izvi, vatori vechikamu vakakurudzirwa nehuwandu hwechiremera kupa zvinowedzera kushungurudza magetsi kumumwe munhu. Muzvokwadi, mumwe munhu aibatanidzwa mukuedza uye akanga achingozvifungidzira kuti anotya. Zvinotoshamisa kuti 65 muzana yevatori vechikamu vaida kupa hurukuro yemhepo inoshungurudzwa pasi pemirairo kubva kune muedzo.
Muna 1963, Milgram akadzoka kuzodzidzisa kuHarvard kwemakore mashomanana asi haana kupiwa hurumende nekuda kwekukakavadzana kunofamba-famba kumativi ose nekuda kwekutsvaga kwake kuedza kuteerera. Guta University reNew York (CUNY) rakamukumbira kuti atungamirire purogiramu yavo yakangobva kuumbwa kwehupfumi hwevanhu uye muna 1974 akabudisa bhuku rake Obedience to Authority . Milgram yakasara paCUNY kusvika pakufa kwake musi waDecember 20, 1984 kubva pakurwisa kwemoyo.
Chii Chakanga chiri Mipiro yaStanley Milgram kuMapfungwa?
Zvidzidzo gumi nemapfumbamwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaitwa naMilgram pakuteerera zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vaida kuteerera chiremera chechiremera kunyange kana zviito zvaipesana nemitemo yavo. Iko kuedza kunonyatsozivikanwa nhasi, kunotaurwa munenge mushure mega yega yega yekutanga yepfungwa.
Kunyange zvazvo Milgram pachake aizivikanwa nokuda kwekunetseka kwehupenyu hwevadzidzi vake, basa rake raigara richitsoropodzwa nekuda kwekukanganisa kwakagadzirisa mafungiro aive nawo pane zvidzidzo. Chikamu chechikonzero nei American Psychological Association yakagadzira mitemo yekushanda nevanhu nyaya uye nei Institutional Review Boards iripo nhasi ndeyekuita kwebasa raMilgram.
Muna 2004 biography, munyori Thomas Blass akanyora kuti hutano hwemagariro evanhu hunowanzotorwa sechimwe chinhu chinongoratidza izvo zvinonzi "unonzwisisa." Nemigumisiro yake inoshamisa, Milgram yakakwanisa kuratidza kuti zvinhu zvatinofunga kuti tinozviziva pamusoro pedu uye maitiro edu mumagariro evanhu hazvirevi kuti ndezvechokwadi.
Chaizvoizvo, Milgram yakakwanisa kupenyera chiedza chepfungwa yekuti vamwe vangaona sevasina kukosha, asi izvo chaizvoizvo zvinoratidza chokwadi chakakosha pamusoro pemafambiro evanhu.
"Vanhu vakawanda vanoita izvo zvavanoudzwa kuti vaite, pasinei nezvinoitwa nechiito chacho, uye pasina marwadzo ehana, chero bedzi vachiona kuti murairo unouya kubva kune chiremera chepamutemo," Milgram akatsanangura nezvebasa rake.
Shoko Rinobva
Kuongorora kwaMilgram pamusoro pekuteerera kwakavhiringidza vanhu munguva yema1960, asi zvaakawana zvakakosha uye zvinoshamisa kusvikira nhasi. Kunyange zvazvo zvakawanikwa munguva ichangobva kuwanikwa zvakaratidza kuti pangangodaro yakave nezvinetso nemaitiro ake ekuenzanisa, kupindurwa kwebasa rake kwakawana kuti vanhu vanoshamisika kuti vanoda kuteerera zviremera zviremera-kunyange kana vachiziva mirairo yavari kutevera haina kururama.
References:
Blass, T. Murume Akatsvaga Nyika: Upenyu uye Nhaka yeStanley Milgram. New York: Basic Books; 2017.
> Milgram, S. Kuteerera Kumasimba. New York: Harper Perennial; 2009.