Nhasi Vatsvakurudzi Mubvunzo Miridzo Kuwanikwa
Kana chiremera chinokuraira kuti upe chinotyisa chechina-volt kune mumwe munhu, iwe ungatevedzera mirairo here? Vanhu vazhinji vaizopindura neanantant "kwete." Zvisinei, chiitiko chekuteerera kweMilgram chaiva nechinangwa chekuratidza zvimwe.
Muma1960, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yeYale University Stanley Milgram akaita mitezo yekuteerera yakaita kuti zvive nemigumisiro inoshamisa.
Iyi mhinduro inopa kutarisa kwakanyanyisa uye kunokanganisa simba rehurumende uye kuteerera .
Kuongorora kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kwakakonzera kusava nechokwadi nezvezvimwe zvezvinorehwa naMilgram zvaakawana uye kunyange kukonzera zvigadziriswa nemitemo ivo pachavo. Pasinei nezvinetso zvaro, chidzidzo chacho, pasina mubvunzo, chakakonzera kupfungwa kwepfungwa.
Chii Chaiva Milgi Ongororo?
"Mafungiro evanhu vezvematongerwe enyika emuzana remakore rino anoratidza chidzidzo chikuru: kazhinji hausi manzwiro evanhu munhu akaita semamiriro ezvinhu aanozviwana iye amene anoratidza kuti achaita sei. " --Stanley Milgram, 1974
Milgram yakatanga kuedza muna 1961, nguva pfupi mushure mokuedzwa kweHondo Yenyika II mutongi Adolph Eichmann akanga atanga. Eichmann's defense kuti akanga achingova kutevera mirairo apo akarayira kuti kufa kwemamiriyoni evaJudha kwakamutsa kufarira kwaMilgram.
Mune rake ra194 bhuku rinonzi " Kuteerera Kumasimba ," Milgram yakabvunza mubvunzo uyu, "Zvichida here kuti Eichmann uye mamiriyoni evanhu vakaurayiwa muHolocaust vakanga vachingovera mirairo?
Tingazviidza here kuti zvose zvichinyorwa? "
Chiongorori Chekuwedzera Kunoshamisa
Vatori vechikamu mukusiyana kwakakurumbira kweMilgram kuedza kwaive nevarume makumi mana vakanyoreswa vachishandisa zvizivo zvepepanhau. Mukutsinhanisa nekuda kwavo, mumwe nomumwe akabhadharwa $ 4.50.
Milgram yakatanga kutyisa zvinotyisa, uye kutyisidzira kunotanga pamakumi matatu ekuwedzera uye kuwedzera muma 15-volt increments kusvika kusvika ku400 volts.
Izvo zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa zvakanyorwa nemashoko zvinosanganisira "kushamiswa kuduku," "kushamiswa kwakanyanyisa" uye "ngozi: kushamiswa kukuru." Ikupedzisira maviri kushanduka yakanyorwa chete neine ngozi "XXX."
Mumwe nomumwe mubatanidzwa akatora basa re "mudzidzisi" uyo aizotanga kushungurudza "mudzidzi" pose apo mhinduro isina kururama yakapiwa. Kunyange zvazvo mutori wacho aifunga kuti akanga ari kuunza kushungurudzika kwechokwadi kumudzidzi, "mudzidzi" aiva akabatanidzwa mukuedza uyo aingozvifungidzira kuti anotya.
Sezvo kuedza kuri kuenderera mberi, muitevedzeri aizonzwa mudzidzi achikumbira kuti asunungurwe kana kunyunyuta pamusoro pemamiriro emwoyo. Kamwe pavakasvika kusvika kumazana matatu-volt, mudzidzi angangodaro pamadziro uye achida kusunungurwa. Kunze kwechinhu ichi, mudzidzi akave akanyarara zvachose uye akaramba kupindura mibvunzo zvakare. Iko kuedza uye yakarayira muiti wekutora runyararo urwu semhinduro isina kururama uye kuunza kumwe kunetseka.
Vakawanda vatori vechikamu vakabvunza muedzo kana vachifanira kuramba vachidaro. Iko kuedza kwakabudisa mitezo yemitemo yekuita kuti munhu anenge aine chikamu aite:
- "Ndapota fambai."
- "Kuedza kunoda kuti iwe uende."
- "Zvakakosha kuti iwe uende."
- "Iwe hauna imwe sarudzo; unofanira kufambira mberi."
Vakawanda Vakanunura Maximum Shock?
Chiyero chekuteerera chaiva chekutyisidzika kwekuti muvepowo aida kupa. Iwe unofunga kuti vazhinji vari vatori vechikamu vaida kuenda kupi?
Apo Milgram yakabvunza mubvunzo uyu kune boka revadzidzi veYale University, zvakagara zvataurwa kuti hapana vanopfuura 3 kubva pavatori vechikamu vaizoendesa kutyisa kukuru. Muzvokwadi, 65 kubva muzana yevatori vechikamu mukudzidza kwaMilgram vakaburitsa zvakanyanya .
Pakati pemakumi maviri makumi mana nevatori vechikamu munyaya yekudzidza, 26 vakapa zvinoshungurudza zvakanyanya apo 14 vakamira vasati vasvika kumatunhu akakwirira. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti dzakawanda zvehurukuro dzacho dzakashungurudzika zvikuru, dzakashungurudzika, uye dzakatsamwirwa nemuedzo, asi dzakaramba dzichitevera mirairo kusvika pakuguma.
Pamusana pekutinetsa pamusoro pehuwandu hwekuzvidya mwoyo hunoonekwa nevakawanda vevatori vechikamu, munhu wose aipikiswa pamagumo ekuedza. Vatsvakurudzi vakatsanangura nzira uye kushandiswa kwenhema.
Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vazhinji vekudzidza vakatsanangura kuti vazhinji vevatori vechikamu vakanga vachiri kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pechiratidzo chaiyo chekuedza. Milgram gare gare yakatsvaga vatori vechikamu ndokuwana kuti 84 muzana vaifara kuti vakapinda chikamu apo 1% chete vakazvidemba pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwavo .
Mibvunzo Yemaitiro Milgi Yakasimuka
Kunyange zvazvo kutsvakurudza kwaMilgram kwakakonzera mibvunzo yepamusoro yehutsika pamusoro pekushandiswa kwevanhu panyaya dzepfungwa dzepfungwa , zvigumisiro zvake zvakare zvakaramba zvichirondedzerwa mune zvimwe zvedzidzo. Thomas Blass (1999) akaongorora zvakare kutsvakurudza kwekuteerera uye akawana kuti zvakawanikwa naMilgram zvinowanikwa kune zvimwe zviitiko.
Nemhaka yei vakawanda vevatori vechikamu munyaya iyi vanoita chiito chinoratidzika sechisimba kana vachirairirwa nechiremera chiremera? Maererano neMirigram, pane zvimwe zvinhu zvingasarudzwa zvinogona kurondedzera zvakadai sekuteerera:
- Kuvepo kwechiremera chechiremera chimiro chinoshamisa chichiwedzera kuterera .
- Ichokwadi chokuti Yale (chivimbiso uye chechiremera chemasangano) chakatsigira chidzidzo chacho chakaita kuti vatori vechikamu vazhinji vatende kuti kuedza kunofanira kuchengeteka.
- Kusarudzwa kwomudzidzisi uye chidzidzo chevadzidzi kwakaratidza kusarura.
- Vatori vechikamu vaifungidzira kuti experimenter yaiva nyanzvi inyanzvi.
- Kuvhiringidzwa kwakanzi kunorwadza, kwete ngozi.
Zvimwe zviongorori zvakaitwa naMilgram zvakaratidza kuti kuvapo kwevezera rinopandukira kunoshamisa kuderedza kuteerera. Apo vamwe vanhu vakaramba kuenda pamwe nemirairo yomuedzo, makumi matatu kubva pa40 vatori vechikamu vakaramba kupa zvinotyisa.
"Vanhuwo zvavo, vachingoita mabasa avo, uye vasina chero ruvengo pavari, vanogona kuva vamiririri mune zvinotyisa zvinoparadza.Kuwedzera, kunyange kana zvikanganiso zvebasa ravo zvichinyatsojeka, uye vanokumbirwa kuita zviito zvisingaenderani nemitemo inokosha yezvetsika, vanhu vashomanana vane zvigadziro zvekudzivirira simba, "Milgram yakatsanangurwa mu" Kuteerera Kumasimba. "
Kuongorora kwaMilgram kwave kwakave kwakaitwa kare mune zvepfungwa , kuratidzira njodzi dzokuteerera. Tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana ane simba rakasimba pane unhu hwezvinhu mukugadza kuteerera. Zvisinei, mamwe maonero epfungwa anotaura kuti zvose zviri mukati nekunze zvinokonzera zvakanyanya kuteerera, zvakadai semanzwiro evanhu uye zvido zvose.
Vatsvakurudzi Verengai Milgramu: Vanhu Vaizoteerera Here?
Muna 2009, vatsvakurudzi vakaita svondo yakagadzirirwa kutarisa kuedza kwaMilgram yekuteerera. Mune imwe nyaya yakabudiswa muApps Observer, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Jerry Burger weSanta Clara University uye munyori wekuongorora akatsanangura kuti Milp's study inobatsira sei nhasi:
"Mifananidzo yakaipa-ine-nyeredzi yevanhu vemazuva ose inounza izvo zvinoita seine ngozi, kana zvisingaiti, kushamiswa kwemagetsi uye zvinokonzerwa nezvakawanikwa nokuda kwezvakaipa zvakadai seHolocaust uye Abu Ghraib hazvisi nyore nyore. kunze kwemiganhu nemitemo yemazuva ano, mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pekutsvakurudza haina kupindurwa.Mukuru weiyi ndeye unogona kuitika apo ini ndinopa maMaggram zvitsva kune vadzidzi: Dai vanhu vachiri kuita nenzira iyo nhasi? "
Burger yakagadzirisa kakawanda kuMilgram.
- Nhamba yekutya yakawanda yaive 150-volts kunze kwepakutanga 450-volts.
- Vaparidzi vakanyatsoongororwa zvakajeka kuti vabvise avo vanogona kutarisana nekusavhiringidza kwakanyanya kune kuedza.
Migumisiro yechiratidzo chitsva yakaratidza kuti vatori vechikamu vakateerera pane zvakaenzana zvavakaita apo Milgram yakaitisa chidzidzo chake chepakutanga makore anopfuura makumi mana adarika.
Nyaya yaJanuary 2009 yeAmerica Psychologist zvakare yaiva nehurukuro kubva kune dzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa pamusoro pekukwanisa kuenzanisa pakati pekuedza kweMilgram neBurger yekudzidza.
Maererano naArthur G. Miller, Ph.D. yeMiami University , "... kune kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana pakati pekudzidza uku uye kutsvakurudza kwokutanga kwokuteerera kubvumira kugadzirisa kwakananga uye kwakakosha kuenzanisa."
Zvisinei, Alan C. Elms, PhD, yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Davis vakatsigira kuti kudzokorora kwaive kuchikodzera. Elms akaratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo "kuenzanirana zvakajeka kwezvikamu zvakakwana zvekuteerera hakugone kuitwa pakati pezana 150-volt yeBurger yekutsvakurudza kwekugadzira uye Milgram ya 450-volt yepamusoro, Burger's" kuteerera lite "nzira dzinogona kushandiswa kutsvaga zvimwe zvezvimwe zvinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzidza naMilgram uyewo kutarisa zvimwe zvinoshandiswa, "zvakadai semamiriro ezvinhu uye unhu hwakasiyana.
Zvinyorwa zvenguva ichangobva kuwanikwa uye Zvitsva zvitsva
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Gina Perry anoratidza kuti zvakawanda zvatinofunga zvatinoziva pamusoro pekuedza kweMilgram zvakakurumbira ndezvimwe chikamu chenyaya. Paaitsvakurudza imwe nyaya pamusoro pehurukuro yacho, yakagumburwa mazana ezvikokota zvekare zvakanyorwa muYale archives iyo yakanyora zvakasiyana-siyana zveMilgram yekutyisa kwekuedza.
Vaiva Nzvimbo Dzakagadziriswa Here?
Kunyange zvazvo Milgram inoshuma nezvehutano hwake inoburitsa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye zvakafanana, mavhidhiot anoratidza chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Munguva yedzidzo dzekuedza, vaongorori vaiwanzoenda-script uye vakamanikidza nyaya yacho kuti varambe vachityisa.
"Kuteerera kwechiremera kwehurumende yatakasvika kuzobatana neMirigram kuongororwa kunouya kunonzwika zvakanyanya sekudheerera uye kumanikidzika paunoteerera zvinyorwa izvi," Perry akataura mune imwe nyaya yeDiscover Magazine .
Vashomanana Vakapinda Vaiva Zvechokwadi
Mirigram yekuedzwa kwave kuchiri nguva yekutsoropodza kukuru uye kukakavara. Kubvira pakuenda-kuenda, tsika dzekuedza kwake dzakanga dzakanyanyisa. Vatori vechikamu vakaiswa pasi pekutambudzika kukuru kwepfungwa uye mupfungwa.
Milgram yakaratidza kuti nyaya idzi dzaiva "dehoaxed" mushure mekuongorora. Zvisinei, zvakawanikwa naPerry zvakaratidza kuti kune mazana manomwe kana vanhu vakadaro vakapinda mukusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvidzidzo zvake pakati pa191 na1962, vashomanana vashoma vakanga vakurudzirwa zvechokwadi.
Icho chikonzero chechokwadi chaizodai chaisanganisira kutsanangura kuti kushungurudzwa kwakanga kusiri kwechokwadi uye kuti mumwe munhu haana kukuvadzwa. Pane kudaro, zvirongwa zveMilgram zvainyanya kufunga nezvekugadzirisa zvidzidzo pasi vasati vatumire ivo munzira. Vakawanda vakasiyiwa mumamiriro ekutambudzika kukuru. Kunyange zvazvo chokwadi chakazarurwa kune mamwe mwedzi kana kunyange makore gare gare, vazhinji vakanga vasingambotauri chinhu.
Kusiyanisa Kunotungamirirwa Nezvipingamupinyi Zvakasiyana
Imwe dambudziko nderokuti shanduro yekudzidza yakataurwa naMilgram uye iyo inowanzodzorerwa haina kureva nyaya yose.
Nhamba iyo 65 kubva muzana yevanhu yakateerera mirayiridzo inoshandiswa chete kune imwe shanduko yemuedzo, umo zvidzidzo makumi maviri nezvina makumi mana nezvitanhatu zvakateererwa. Mune dzimwe misiyano, vanhu vashomanana vakanga vachida kutevera mirairo yevayiridzi uye mune dzimwe shanduro dzekudzidza, kwete mumwe wevatori vechikamu vakateerera.
Vaiziva "Mudzidzi" Aive Achizadzisa Here?
Perry akatotarisa vamwe vevanhu vakabatanidzwa muongororo pamwe naMilgram vabatsiri vekutsvakurudza. Zvaakawana ndezvokuti vazhinji vevarume vake vakanga vatora zvinangwa zveMilgram uye vaiziva kuti "mudzidzi" akanga achingozvifungidzira.
Zvakawanikwa zvakadaro zvakakonzera Milgram zvakazoitika mune chiedza chitsva. Icho chinoratidza kuti kwete naMilgram chete akaita nemaune mamwe maitiro akasiyana-siyana kuti awane migumisiro yaaida asi kuti vazhinji vevadzidzi vake vakanga vachiri kutamba pamwe chete.
Perry akazotsanangurira NPR kuti kutsvakurudza matanho ekutsvakurudza kwaMilgram kwakasimudzira mafungiro ake nekutenda pamusoro peimwe yenhau dzakakurumbira uye dzinokakavara mune zvepfungwa.
"Ndaiona Stanley Milgram senyanzvi isinganzwisisiki yaive yakarongerwa mune dzimwe nzira yekuzarura chimwe chinhu chinotambudza uye chakanyanya pamusoro pemaitiro evanhu," akadaro NPR. "Pakupera kwekutsvakurudza kwangu, ini chaizvoizvo ndaiva nemaonero akasiyana kwazvo nemunhu uye kutsvakurudza."
Kuteerera Kunotarisa Pane Zvishoma Zvikuru Zvinokonzera
Basa rakawanda rave pfupi nevanotsvakurudza rinoratidza kuti kana vanhu vachida kuteerera hurumende mitezo, izvi hazvirevi sezvakaoma uye zvakaoma sezvo Milgram yakaratidza.
Mutsamba wegore ra2012 wakabudiswa mu PLoS Biology , vepfungwa dzepfungwa Alex Haslam naStefano Reicher vakaratidza kuti chirongwa chekuti vanhu vanoda kuteerera mirairo isinganzwisisiki yechiremera chimiro chinowanzoenderana nezvikonzero zviviri zvinokosha:
- Kunyangwe munhu wacho anobvumirana sei nemirairo
- Zvakawanda sei zvavanoziva nemunhu anopa mirairo
Kunyange zvazvo zvakajeka kuti vanhu kazhinji vanowanzokanganiswa, kunyengetedza , nekuteerera kupfuura zvavanoda kuva, ivo vari kure nemafungiro asina kufunga achangotora mairairo.
Nei Chidzidzo cheMirigir Chichiri Chine Simba Kwazvo?
Saka nei Milgram iri kuedza kugadzirisa zvakasimba simba redu pamafungiro edu, kunyange makumi emakore shure kwechokwadi? Perry anotenda kuti pasinei nematambudziko ayo ose uye chinetso chekusambokwanisa kunyorazve maitiro aMilgram, chidzidzo chakatora pane basa raanodana "mufananidzo wakaoma."
Basa raMilgram rinogona kunge risingaiti mhinduro kune izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vateerere kana kunyange kuti ivo vanoteerera zvakadini. Izvo zvakadaro, yakafuridzira vamwe vatsvakurudzi kuti vaongorore chii chinoita kuti vanhu vatevere mirairo uye, zvichikosha zvikuru, chii chinovatungamirira kupokana mubvunzo.
> Kwakabva:
> Burger J. Kudzokorora Milgram: Vanhu Vangadai Vanoteerera Nhasi? Nyanzvi yepfungwa dzeAmerica, 2009; 64 (1): 1-11. doi: 10.1037 / a0010932.
> Elms AC. Obedience lite. American Psychologist. 2009; 64 (1): 32-36. doi: 10.1037 / a0014473.
> Haslam SA, Reicher SD. Kurwisana ne "Zvinhu" zvekuwirirana: Chii chinonzi Milgram uye Zimbardo's Studies Zvechokwadi Anoratidza. PLoS Biology. 2012.0doi: 10.1371 / journal.pbio.1001426.
> Miller AG. Kufungidzirwa 'Kudzokorora Milgram' (Burger 2009), nyanzvi yepfungwa dzeAmerica. 2009; 64 (1): 20-27.
> Perry G. Icho Chinoshamisa Chechokwadi cheSina Maitiro Maitiro Okuteerera. Tsvaga Magazini. 2013.
> Zvinhu zvose Zvinofungidzirwa. Kunyatsoongorora MaMaggram Anoshamisika Kuteerera Kudzidza. National Public Radio. August 28, 2013.