Kuchengeta mukati mao anenge mapaundi matatu chete, uropi ndiyo chikamu chakaoma zvikuru muviri wenyama. Sezvo nhengo inobata huchenjeri, pfungwa, manzwiro, zviyeuchidzo, kufamba kwemuviri, manzwiro uye mufambiro, yakadzidzwa uye yakanzwisiswa kwemazana emakore. Asi, ndiyo gumi yekupedzisira yekutsvakurudza iyo yakapa zvipo zvakakosha zvikuru kune kunzwisisa kwatinoita kuti huropi hunoita sei.
Kunyangwe nekufambira mberi uku, izvo zvatinoziva kusvika zvino zvichida chikamu chiduku chezvatinoda, pasina mubvunzo, kuwana munguva yemberi.
Uropi hwemunhu hunotendwa kuti hushanda mune zvakakomberedzwa mumakemikari nzvimbo kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzeeuron neurotransmitters. Neurons ndiwo masero europi, kuverengwa mumabhiriyoni, ayo anokwanisa kukurumidza kutaura kune mumwe nomumwe kuburikidza nemakemikari anonzi neurotransmitters. Sezvo tichirarama hupenyu hwedu, masero europi anogara achiwana ruzivo pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza. Uropi huri kuedza kuita mumiririro wemukati wenyika yedu yekunze kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemakemikari anochinja.
Neurons (Brain Cells)
Kuti uwane pfungwa iri nani yehuropi hunoita sei kuburikidza nemakemikari ekukurukurirana, ngatitangei tichitarisa mufananidzo 1.1, iyo inoratidza chirongwa chekutanga che neuron.
Pakati peeuron inonzi s cell body kana soma . Iine nucleus, iyo inochengetedza sero re deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kana kuti mazita emagetsi.
DNA yeDNA inotsanangura kuti ndeupi sero iri uye kuti ichashanda sei.
Pamugumo mumwe wemutumbi wechipinda ndiyo dendrites , iyo inogamuchira zvinyorwa zvinotumwa nemamwe masero europi (neurons). Izwi rokuti dendrite, rinobva mumutauro wechiLatini kune muti, rinoshandiswa nokuti dendrites e-neuron yakafanana nemuti wemiti.
Kune rumwe rutivi rwemuviri wechipfuva is axon . Inonzi axon inonzi fiber yakareba iyo inotambanudza kubva kune imwe sero. Inonzi axon inoshanda semutungamiri wemagetsi emagetsi.
Pasi pedhi re axon ndiyo inonzi axon terminals . Aya mabhedha ane vesicles apo makemikari nhume, anozivikanwawo seyeurotransmitters , akachengetwa.
Neurotransmitters (Chemical Messengers)
Zvinotendwa kuti uropi huine mazana emarudzi akasiyana siyana emakemikari (neurotransmitters). Kazhinji, nhume idzi dzinoratidzirwa sechisimba kana chekudzivirira. Anofadza mutumwa anokonzera basa remagetsi reuropi, asi inhibitory messenger inogadzirisa basa iri. Basa re neuron (brain cell) - kana kuti kana kwete iyo inoramba ichisunungura, kana kupfuurira, mishonga yemakemikari - inonyanya kugadziriswa nehuwandu hwezvinhu izvi zvinokonzera uye zvinodzivisa.
Masayendisiti akacherechedza neurotransmitter chaiyo iyo inofanirwa kuva yakabatana nezvinetso zvekuzvidya mwoyo. Maikemikisi vatumwa avo vanowanzotarisirwa nemishonga inowanzoshandiswa kubata chirwere chinotyisa chinosanganisira:
Serotonin. Iyi neurotransmitter inoita basa mukugadzirisa mabasa akasiyana siyana emitambo uye manzwiro, kusanganisira mafungiro edu.
Low serotonin mazinga akabatanidzwa mukuora mwoyo nekuzvidya mwoyo. Zvirwere zvinodhaka zvinonzi serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) zvinoshandiswa kuti ndezvenzira dzokutanga pakuchengetedza chirwere chinotyisa. SSRI inowedzera hutano hwe serotonin muuropi, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kunetseka uye kudzivirirwa kwekutya kwekutya.
Norepinephrine inonzi neurotransmitter iyo inofungidzirwa kuti inobatanidza nehondo kana kuti kudzvinyirira kunetseka. Izvo zvinoita kuti uve nekunzwa, kutya, kuzvidya mwoyo, uye kutya. Kusarura serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) uye tricyclic zvinodzvinyirira zvinokonzera serotonin uye norepinephrine mazinga muuropi, zvichiita kuti isha-pikisi inoitika.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inonzi neurotransmitter inhibitisa iyo inoita kuburikidza nehutano hwemagadziro ekuvharidzira kutumirwa kwechiratidzo kubva kune imwe sero kuenda kune imwe. Zvakakosha kuenzanisa kukanganisa muuropi. Benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety drugs) inoshanda paGABA zvakagadziriswa zveuropi zvinokonzera nyika yekuzorodza.
Neurons uye Neurotransmitters Kushanda pamwe chete
Apo kero yeuropi inowana ruzivo rwemashoko, inopisa simba remagetsi rinofamba pasi pasi ne-axon kusvika ku-axon terminal apo makemikari (neurotransmitters) anochengeterwa. Izvi zvinokonzera kusunungurwa kwemaikemikisi vatumwa mu synaptic cleft, iyo inzvimbo duku pakati pekutumira neuron uye neuron inogamuchira.
Sezvo mutumwa achiita rwendo rwayo parwendo rwechigodhi, zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuitika:
- Nhume yacho inogona kusvibiswa uye kubvongodzwa kubva mumufananidzo neine enzyme isati yasvika kune iyo inogamuchirwa.
- Nhume yacho inogona kudzoserwa kunzvimbo yekugadzira axon kuburikidza nekugadzirisa reuptake uye kuvharwa kana kushandiswa zvakare kuti ishandiswe munguva yemberi.
- Nhume yacho inogona kusungira kune rector (dendrite) pane imwe sero yakatarisana uye kupedzisa kuendeswa kwemashoko. Mharidzo inogona kutumirwa kune dendrites emamwe masero akavakidzana. Asi, kana kugamuchira sero kunogadza kuti hapana zvevanetitransmitter inodiwa, haingafambisi shoko. Nhume yacho inozoenderera mberi ichiedza kutsvaga mumwe munhu akagamuchira mharidzo yayo kusvikira isingachagadziri kana kuti inodzokera kumushini we axon ne reuptake mechanism.
Kuti huve nehutano hwakanaka, maurotransmitter anofanirwa kuve akaenzana zvakanaka uye akagadzirwa. Vanowanzobatana uye vanovimba kune mumwe nemumwe basa rakakodzera. Semuenzaniso, GABA neurotransmitter, iyo inoita kuti munhu azorodze, inogona kungoshanda zvakanaka nezvimwe zvakakwana zve serotonin. Kukanganisa kwakawanda kwepfungwa, kusanganisira kutyisa kwepfungwa, kunogona kuva chikonzero chehutsika husina kunaka kana huwandu hushoma hwevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika kana kuti neuron receptor sites, kusunungurwa kweeurotransmitter yakawandisa kana kusagadzikana kwemitemo ye reuptake ye neuron.
Sources:
> Anodzvinyirira Anoshandisa Vana, Adolescents, uye Vakwegura. Zvarongororwa kuChina Kubata. 02 May 2007 US Food and Drug Administration.
> Kaplan MD, Harold I. > and > Sadock MD, Benjamin J. Synopsis of Psychiatry, Eighth Edition 1998 Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.