Mimwe yemibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pekuti vanhu vanokura sei
Pane nyaya dzakawanda dzakakosha dzakakumbidzana muhupenyu hwekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa. Mibvunzo huru inosanganisira zvinotevera:
- Iko kubudirira kunowedzera kune ma genetic kana mamiriro ezvinhu here?
- Kubudirira kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvakajeka here, kana kuti kuchinja kunoitika mumatanho ?
- Izvo zvinotanga kuitika mumwana zvakakonzera zvakakonzera kukurudzika kana kuti zviitiko zvekare zvakakosha zvakaenzana here?
Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemibvunzo iyi inokosha uye izvo vazhinji vanofunga nezvepfungwa mazuva ano vanotenda nezvenyaya idzi.
Zvisikwa vs. Kurudzirwa
Iyo nhaurirano pamusoro pemigiro yemiganhu yenhaka uye yezvakatipoteredza, kazhinji inonzi inoshandiswa semhando yekusimudzirana nharo huru , ndeimwe yezvakakwegura zvikuru mune zvose mafilosofi uye mupfungwa. Mafirosoferi akadai saPlato naDascart vakatsigira pfungwa yokuti mamwe mazano akazvarwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, vafunge vakadai saJohn Locke vakapikisa pfungwa ye tabula rasa- kudavira kuti pfungwa inguva isina ruvara pakuberekwa, ine ruzivo rwakaisa ruzivo rwedu.
Nhasi, vazhinji vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanofunga kuti kubatana pakati pemasimba maviri aya anokonzera kukura. Zvimwe zvikamu zvekugadzirisa zvakananga zvipenyu, zvakadai sekuyaruka. Zvisinei, kutanga kwekuyaruka kunogona kuchinjwa nemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza zvakadai sekudya uye kudya.
Dzidzo yepakutanga vs. Yakazoitika
Chimwe chechipiri chinonyanya kukoshesa mukurapa kwepfungwa chinosanganisira kukosha kwezvakaitika pakutanga kune izvo zvinoitika gare gare muupenyu.
Tiri kunyanya kuchinjwa nezviitiko zvinowanzoitwa muhuduku, kana kuti zviitiko zvekare zvinotora basa rinokosha zvakakosha here?
Psychoanalytic theorists inowanzoisa pfungwa pazviitiko zvinowanikwa muhuduku. Maererano naFeudud, humwe hutano hwomwana hunosimbiswa nezera remakore mashanu. Kana izvi zvikaitika, avo vakambonzwa kutambudzwa kana kuvhiringidza vana vangasambogadzirisa kana kukura zvakanaka.
Kusiyana nemaonero aya, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti simba rezviitiko zvevecheche hazvirevi kuti rine simba pamusoro pemitemo muupenyu hwose. Vanhu vazhinji vane vana vaduku-iyo-vakakwana vanowedzera kukura muvanhu vakagadzikana zvakanaka.
Kuenderera mberi vs. Kuramba
Nyaya yechitatu huru mukurudziro kwepfungwa ndeyekuenderera mberi. Iko kuchinja kunoitika zvakanaka pane nguva, kana kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakatevedzwa zvitanho? Dzimwe dzidziso dzekusimudzira dzinoti kushandura inongova nyaya yehuwandu; vana vanoratidza zvakawanda zvehumwe hutano sezvavanokura. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinorondedzera mutsara wezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana umo unyanzvi hunotanga pane dzimwe humwe hunobudirira. Nzira dzakawanda dzekuvandudza dzinowira pasi pematatu akafara:
- Psychoanalytic theories ndeye iyo yakakanganiswa nebasa raSagmund Freud, uyo aidavira kukosha kwepfungwa dzisina ruzivo uye zvakaitika muhuduku. Mupiro waFeud kuchinangwa chekusimudzira chaiva chirevo chake chokuti kubudirira kunoitika kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvezvikamu zvepfungwa.
Nyanzvi Erikson Erik Erikson akawedzera pane pfungwa dzaFrud nekutsanangurira chidzidzo chepakati chekuvandudza mupfungwa. Nharo yaErikson yakananga pamakakatanwa anokwira pamatanho akasiyana ekufambisa uye, kusiyana nemafungiro aFrud, Erikson akatsanangura kubudirira mukati meupenyu hwose.
- Kudzidza dzidziso inotarisa pamusoro pekuti nzvimbo yakasikwa inobata sei maitiro. Dzidzo dzinokosha dzinosanganisira classical conditioning , operant conditioning , uye social learning. Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, mufambiro wakaumbwa nekubatana pakati pemunhu nemusango.
- Nzwisisiro yemagariro inotarisa pakuvandudza kwemaitiro ekufunga, unyanzvi, uye unyanzvi. Mienzaniso yemafungiro ezvokufungidzira anosanganisira pfungwa yaPiaget yekuvandudza kugona .
Abnormal Behavior vs. Kusiyana Kwevamwe
Chimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha zvevabereki vakawanda ndechekuti kana kwete mwana wavo ari kukura kazhinji. Maitiro ekufambira mberi anopa mazano emakore apo humwe unyanzvi uye mano anowanzobuda, asi zvinogona kukonzera kushushikana apo mwana anowira zvishoma shure kwechimiro.
Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvekusimudzira zvakagara zvakanyanyisa pamusoro pekusava nemafambiro muhutano, kuisa pfungwa pane zvakasiyana-siyana mukugadziridza zviri kuwedzera zvakajairika.
Psychoanalytic theories inowanzoisa pfungwa pane unhu husina kujairika, saka zvinyorwa zvekusimudzira munharaunda ino zvinowanzofananidza zvisizvo muhutano. Kudzidza mafungiro anovimba zvakare pamusoro pemhepo yakasiyana-siyana inokonzera mumwe munhu, saka kupesana kwemunhu chinhu chinokosha chemashoko aya. Mazuva ano, mazvikokota zvepfungwa vanocherechedza maitiro nemaitiro akasiyana paanotsanangura kukura kwevana.
> Sources:
> Berk, LE. Child Development. 9th ed . USA: Pearson Education, Inc.; 2012.
> Shute RH, Slee PT. Child Development Theories uye Maonero Akakosha, Rudzi rweChipiri . New York: Routledge; 2015.