Mukuguma kwechiito chisingazivikanwi chechisimba chisingarangarirwi, vanhu vazhinji vanofarira kutaura kuti mutambudzi "anopenga." Kunyange zvazvo mutadzi wacho angave ane chirwere chepfungwa , achingoti "chipenga" zvinowanzoita kuti vanhu vanorwara nehutano hwepfungwa vakanganise zvikuru mazuva ese.
Muzvokwadi, mumwe munhu ane chirwere chepfungwa zvinowanzoita kuti ave akabatwa-panzvimbo pane mutambudzi-wechisimba.
Kudana munhu anoita zvechisimba "kupenga" kunoparadzira dambudziko rine ngozi uye kunobata hukama hwakaoma pakati pekuipa nehutano hwepfungwa.
Nhau dzinotitaurira nezvevanhu vatinosangana navo nguva dzose. Izvi zvinoramba zvichiyerera zvemashoko zvinotipa isu tisingafungi nezvemagariro evanhu pamusoro pemhando yemamwe mapoka evanhu-kusanganisira mapoka evanhu anofanira kurumbidzwa kana kutukwa.
Mifananidzo inoratidzwa nevaya vane chirwere chepfungwa vanowanzotarisana nekunyadzisa kana kuderedza. Nokudaro, mhando dzose dzevhidhiyo-kusanganisira terevhizheni, firimu, magazini, mapepanhau, uye zvekugarisana-vakatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya pakuparadzira maitiro asina kunaka uye tsanangudzo dzisina kururama dzevaya vane chirwere chepfungwa.
Chii Chinonzi Kuita Stigmatization?
Stigma inoitika kana mumwe munhu achionekwa se "imwe." Izvo izvi hazvibvumirwi kugamuchirwa kwevanhu.
Heino kuti kushorwa kunotsanangurwa sei na Ahmedani munyaya yegore ra2011 yakanzi "Mental Health Stigma: Society, Individu, uye Chiitiko":
Tsanangudzo yakanyanyosimbiswa pamusoro pekushorwa yakanyorwa naErving Goffman (1963) mubasa rake remuviri: Stigma: Mazano pamusoro peKutonga kweSpoiled Identity. Goffman (1963) anotaura kuti kushorwa "chirevo chinonyadzisa zvikuru" chinoderedza mumwe munhu "kubva kune munhu wose uye anowanzogara kune munhu asina kuchena, akatengesa" (peji 3). Kuvhiringidzika, nenzira iyo, kunonzwisiswa seine "kuparadzaniswa" (Goffman, 1963, peji 3). Munharaunda yekushanda mabhuku, Dudley (2000), achishanda kubva pakufunga kweGoffman kwokutanga, kusarura kunotsanangurwa sevanhu vasina kunaka kana maonero asina kunaka anonzi kune munhu kana mapoka evanhu kana maitiro avo kana maitiro avo anoonekwa seakasiyana kana kuti akaderera kune tsika dzevanhu.
Kutaura, kushorwa kwakanyanyogadziriswa nevhidhiyo iyo vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa nyaya dzepapepanhau seproxy metric yekushorwa munzanga.
Kushungurudza muMedia
Ngatimboongororai humwe hutsinye hwehutano hwepfungwa hwakasarudzwa nevanotaridzirwa sehutano sezvakaitwa naMyrick naVa Pavelko munyaya ye 2017 yakabudiswa mu Journal of Health Communication .
Kutanga, zvirwere zvepfungwa zvakadai schizophrenia zvinoratidzika sezvo zvinokanganisa vanhu kunze kwevaya vane mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro vanofanira kunge vari voga kubva munzanga yose.
Chechipiri, nhoroondo dzevhidhiyo dzinotarisa kune munhu ane chirwere chepfungwa pane kugadzirisa chirwere chepfungwa semamiriro evanhu. Nokudaro, vatengi vevhidhiyo vanowanzopa mhosva munhu wehutano.
Chechitatu, vanhu vane chirwere chepfungwa vanotambura nekuwedzererwa mune zvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa; munhu wose ane chimiro chakatarwa chinotarisirwa kuratidzira zvakafanana zvechirwere chacho. Somuenzaniso, zviratidzo izvo vanhu vose vane kuora mwoyo vanozviuraya, uye vanhu vose vane schizophrenia hallucinate. (Muzvokwadi, chete pakati pe60 ne80 muzana yevanhu vane schizophrenia vane maitiro ekuongorora, uye nhamba shoma inowanikwa maonero ekuona.)
Chechina, mifananidzo inofanirwa kuparadzirwa inoparadza pfungwa yokuti vanhu vazhinji vane chirwere chepfungwa havadi kuzarura chimiro kune vose vanovapoteredza.
Panzvimbo-kana kuti nechinangwa kana kuti kwete-chirwere chinowanzowanzosazivikanwa. Zvinoratidzira mune zvemashoko, zvisinei, zviripo mamiriro ezvinhu apo munhu wese anoziva nezvehutano hwemunhu, uye chirwere chepfungwa hachichivanzwa.
Chechipiri, vhidhiyo inoratidzira chirwere chepfungwa sekusakatika kana kusingaoneki.
Kurwisana
"Kuderedza pfungwa kunoratidza zvakapesana munyaya yezvimiridzo zvinomiririra chirwere chepfungwa: kuderedza kuonekwa kwekusaziva kana kusaregererwa kwemamiriro aya," nyora Myrick naPavelko.
Heano dzimwe nzira dzinogona kuita kuti kuderedzwa kunogona kugadzirisa musoro wayo munhau.
Chokutanga, vhidhiyo inokurudzira chirwere chepfungwa sekuti haisi kuoma kana kuti kusanyanya kudarika zvakanyanya.
Semuenzaniso, vanhu vakawanda vane anorexia vanofunga sekuti mamiriro avo akaitwa seasina simba kudarika zvaari chaizvo-chikamu nokuti vanhu vane mamiriro ezvinhu avo vanoratidzwa mumashura vanoderedza zvakanyanya uye vanovanza migumisiro yakaipa.
Muzvokwadi, chiyero chekufa kweanorexia ndicho chikwata chepamusoro chekufa kwechirwere chekudya. Mune-inonzi meta-analysis yakabudiswa muJAMA Psychiatry muna 2011, Arcelus nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakaongorora zvidzidzo 36 zvinomirira 17 272 varwere mumwe nomumwe vane zvinetso zvekudya uye vakawana kuti 755 vakafa.
Chechipiri, chirwere chepfungwa chakanyanyisa muzvinyorwa. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vane OCD vanoratidzirwa sevanonyanya kunetseka nehutsanana nekutsungirira. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa dzisina kukwana dzinoita kuti izvi zvinyorwa zvirege kukanganwa.
Chechitatu, zviratidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa zvinoratidzirwa mune zvenhau sezvinobatsira. Semuenzaniso, mumutambo weTV, ma protagonist ndiye muchengeti ane OCD uye anotarisa zvakanyanya zvakadzama, izvo zvinomubatsira kugadzirisa mhosva yacho nekufambisa basa rake.
Zvimwewo, pane "guru-rakakuvara" zvisiri izvo. Maererano naMyrick naVaPavelko: "Kana chirwere chepfungwa chichionekwa sechinhu chakanaka, vanhu vane zvirwere zvepanyama vave vachibatanidzwa ne'kuremara kwemavara ', chimiro chinoratidza mashiripiti, masimba evanhu kuvanhu vane hurema."
Chechina, achishandisa nhepfenyuro yemavhidhiyo, vanhu vasina hurema vanoseka vanhu vane hurema nekugadzirisa chirwere chepfungwa-chirwere. Semuenzaniso, hashtag OCD (#OCD) inowanzoshandiswa pa Twitter kurondedzera kutarisa kune utsanana kana sangano.
Schizophrenia muFirimu
Zvichida kunyadzisa kunetseka kwehutano hwepfungwa mune zvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa mumifananidzo yefirimu yevadzivisi vane chirwere chepfungwa. Kunyanya, vanhu vane schizophrenia vanoratidzwa se "homicidal maniacs" mu "slasher" kana "psycho killer" mafirimu. Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvinoparadzira zvisiri izvo pamusoro pezviratidzo, zvinokonzera, uye kurapa kwevanhu vane schizophrenia nemamwe marudzi ehutano hwepfungwa. Nhoroondo, mafirimu akakurumbira ave akaratidzirwa kuti ave nesimba guru pane mafungiro ekugadzirisa.
Muchikamu cha2012 chakanzi "Kuratidzwa kweSchizophrenia neIndaneti Media: A Content Analysis of Contemporary Movies," Owen akaongorora 41 mafirimu akabudiswa pakati pe1990 na2010 nokuda kwekufananidza schizophrenia uye akawana zvinotevera:
Vanyori vakawanda vanoratidza zviratidzo zvakanaka zvechichichiphrenia. Kushungurudzika kwaive kunowanzoitwa kakawanda, kunoteverwa nekuongorora uye kuona maitiro ekuona. Chizhinji chevanhu vanoratidza maitiro echisimba ivo kana vamwe, uye anenge chikamu chetatu chevanhu vane chisimba vanobatwa nehutano hwemunhu. Anenge chikamu chechina chevanhu vanozviuraya. Kukonzera schizophrenia kwakanga kusingazivikanwi, kunyange zvazvo imwechete yechina yemafirimu inoratidza kuti chiitiko chinotambudza chiitiko chaive chakakosha mu causation. Zvemafirimu achitaura nezvekuratidzira kana kuratidza kurapwa, mishonga yepfungwa yakakurumbira.
Izvi zvinoratidzika zvisina kururama uye zvinokuvadza nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, kusanganisira zvinotevera:
- Kuenzanisa kwechichiviphenia mumafirimu achangobva kuwanzo kunowanzotarisa pane zviratidzo zvakanaka zvechirwere, zvakadai sekuona maziso, kusanganisa kunoshamisa, uye kutaura kusina kunaka. Zviratidzo izvi zvakaratidzwa sezvinowanzoitika, apo, chaizvoizvo, zviratidzo zvisina kunaka, zvakadai seurombo hwekutaura, kuderera kwechishuvo, uye kufara kunobata, zvakanyanya kufanana.
- Mafirimu anoverengeka akaparadzira zvinyorwa zvenhema zvokuti vanhu vane schizophrenia vanowanzoita chisimba uye tsika dzisingatarisirwi. Uyezve, mamwe mafirimu akaendesa vanhu vane schizophrenia se "vane." Izvi zvinokonzera utsinye zvinotyisa zvekuona uye zvinokanganisa mafungiro akaipa pamusoro pezvirwere zvepfungwa.
- Mune mafirimu aya, 24 muzana yevanyori vane schizophrenia vakazviuraya, izvo zvinotsausa nekuti chaizvoizvo bedzi pakati pe10 kubva muzana uye 16 muzana yevanhu vane schizophrenia vanozviuraya mukati meupenyu hwose.
- Vanhu vane schizophrenia vaiwanzofananidzwa sevarume varume vatsvene. Muzvokwadi, schizophrenia inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuAfrica maAmerica. Uyezve, schizophrenia inokanganisa varume nevakadzi vanenge vaenzana.
- Mune mafirimu mashomanana, schizophrenia inoratidzwa sechipiri kune zviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvehupenyu kana kuporesa nerudo, izvo zvose zvinoreva zvisakarurama zvechirwere.
Pachiedza chakajeka, Owen akawana kuti hazvisi zvoga zvese zvakataurwa nezvechichichiphrenia mune firimu yemazuva ano yaiva kushorwa. Somuenzaniso, mune zvinopfuura hafu yemavhidhiyo akaongororwa, kushandiswa kwemishonga yepfungwa kwakaratidzwa kana kutaurwa. Uyezve, inenge hafu yevanhu vane schizophrenia yakarondedzerwa sevarombo, iyo inoratidzira nedambudziko repidemiological rinoratidza kuti vanhu vepamusoro-soro remagariro evanhu havakwanisi kuwana schizophrenia.
Pakupedzisira, zviratidzo zvisina kunaka-kunyanya kurwisana nechisimba-zvevanhu vane schizophrenia nedzimwe zvirwere zvakanyanya zvehutano hwepfungwa mumasvikiro zvinoita kuti kuve nekunyadzisa, kusagadzikana, kusarura, uye kurambwa kwevanhu.
Chii Chingaitwa
Mukudzidza kwavo muna 2017, Myrick naPavelko vakawana kuti terevhizheni, mafirimu, uye zvemagariro evanhu ndiyo inowanzowanzobudisa zvirwere zvepfungwa zvinokonzera uye zvishoma. Zvisinei, sezvakataurwa nevanyori: "Vakapiwa simba rezvinobudisa nhau kuti nokukurumidza uye kupararira kupararira zvisizvo zvisina kururama, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekufananidza kwavo, kusiyana, uye zvinopindirana zvinoshandiswa."
Tichiri kudikanwa kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kuti aya mashoko anoparidzirwa sei nevhidhiyo tisati taita kuti tigadzirise. Parizvino, pane zvishoma zvitsvakurudzo kuongororwa kuti vhidhiyo inokurudzira sei pfungwa-zvirwere zvisingatauriki, kunyadzisa, uye kuderedza. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamwe mazano pamusoro pokuti ungavandudza sei kuratidzwa kwevaya vane chirwere chepfungwa mumasvikiro vakaitwa.
- Ongorora maitiro-maitiro ekugadzirwa kwemashoko kuti anzwisise zviri nani maitiro zvino, zvido, maitiro, uye hupfumi hwevanyori vemaoko, varairi, uye vatapi venhau. Nemuenzaniso, kunzwisisa kunyoresa pakati pekunyatsotaurira kana kuve nemanzwiro anomutsa uye anovimbiswa.
- Ipa zvirwere zvepfungwa chete kana zvakakosha munyaya yacho.
- Sarudza tsanangudzo dzisiri dzevanhu dzehutano hwepfungwa uye panzvimbo yekutarisa pane zvehupfumi hwevanhu.
- Itaiwo nyanzvi inyanzvi kubva kuvarapi vepfungwa panguva yekugadzirwa.
- Kutevedza hutano hwepfungwa hupfupi padzidzisiro vevatapi venhau.
- Shandisa izwi reutano hwepfungwa nenzira yakarurama, kururamisira, uye unyanzvi.
Somunhu mumwe nomumwe anodya zvakawanda zvemashoko ezviitiko uye anowanzoita zvekugarisana nevamwe vevanhu, chinhu chakanakisisa chatingaita ndechekurega kushandisa mazwi akadai se "mapenzi" uye "kuseka" munzira inosemesa kana inofungidzira. Uyezve, zvakanakisisa kuti tisapedzisira kuongorora zvirwere zvepfungwa kunze kwechipatara. Chengano nyanzvi inogona kuita kuti kuongororwa kweOCD, kuora mwoyo, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Nokutaura pasina uchapupu, tinokuvadza avo vanorarama nehutano hwepfungwa zuva nezuva.
> Sources:
> Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Kufa Mumiri muvarwere NeAnorexia Nervosa uye Zvimwe Zvokudya Zvokudya: Meta-kuongororwa kwe 36 Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 68 (7): 724-731.
> Myrick JG, Pavelko RL. Kuongorora Kusiyanisa Nevateereri Yeuka uye Kuchinja Pakati Pezviratidzo Zvirwere Zvirwere Zvenjere Sezvakaderedza Kuenzanisa Nokusagadzikana. Zvinyorwa zveHutano Hwekutano. 2017.
> Owen PR. Kuenzanisira kwechiSchizophrenia neVaraidzo Media: A Content Analysis of Contemporary Movies. Psychiatric Services. 2012; 63: 655-659.
> Stout PA, uye al. Mifananidzo yezvirwere zvepfungwa muMedia: Kuziva Zvipembenene Mukutsvakurudza. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2004; 30: 543-561.