Chii chaizvoizvo chirwere chepfungwa? Ndeipi chirwere chepfungwa chinowanikwa? Kutsanangura chaizvoizvo zvinorema chirwere chepfungwa chinogona kuva chinonyengera uye, tsanangudzo dzakashandurwa kupfuura kwenguva.
Dambudziko rekutanga nderokuti vanachiremba vepfungwa vanofanira kutanga vasarudza kunyatsojekesa chirwere. Iwe unoziva sei kana kune chimwe chinhu chinokanganisa mupfungwa kana chisina kunaka pamusoro pemunhu? Iwe unosarudza sei kuti ndeyei uye chii chisina kujairika?
Kana iwe uchizofananidza dambudziko sechimwe chinhu chinorara kunze kwekuverengwa kwemaitiro, saka vanhu vanoonekwa sevane tarenda kana vane zvipo mune imwe nzvimbo vanozoonekwa sevasina kujairika. Saka pane kungotarisa pane zviito izvo zvinoonekwa sezviri kunze kwezvakawanda zvinowanzoitika, kutaura kwepfungwa dzepfungwa kunowanzoisa pfungwa pamigumisiro yemafambiro iwayo. Maitiro anonzi anonyadzisira uye anoita kuti munhu awedzere kushushikana uye kuvhara kushanda kwezuva nezuva anowanzonyorwa seasina kujairika.
Nhasi vazhinji vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanobvumirana kuti matambudziko epfungwa anozivikanwa nekutambudzika kwega uye kuora mwoyo mune zvikamu zvakawanda zvehupenyu.
Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti vanachiremba vanotsanangura sei uye vanogadzirisa zvirwere zvepfungwa uye vanoona kuti vanhu vangani vanokonzerwa nezvinetso zvakadaro gore negore.
Chii Chirwere Chipfungwa?
Chirwere chepfungwa, chinonziwo chirwere chepfungwa, chiito chekuzvibata kana zvepfungwa zviratidzo zvinokonzera nzvimbo dzakawanda dzehupenyu nekuita kutambudzika kune munhu ane zviratidzo izvi.
Shanduro yezvino yeAmerican Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual, DSM-5, inotsanangura chirwere chepfungwa se:
"... chirwere chinoratidzirwa nehutano hwakakosha mumutemo wekunzwisisa, mupfungwa, kana mufambiro unoratidzira kusagadzikana mune zvepfungwa, zvehupenyu, kana kuti kubudirira kunotungamirira kushanda kwepfungwa. Matambudziko epfungwa anowanzobatanidzwa nekutambudzika kukuru munzanga , basa, kana mamwe mabasa anokosha. "
Iyo DSM-5 inotaurawo kuti mhinduro dzinotarisirwa kune zvinowanzoshungurudza zvakadai sekufa kwomunhu waunoda hazvifungidziri sekusawirirana kwepfungwa. Bhuku rekuongorora rinoratidza zvakare kuti maitiro anowanzotaridzirwa kusingapindirani nemitemo yevanhu vanoonekwa sekushushikana kunze kwekuti zviito izvi zvikakonzerwa nekumwe kusakosha.
Ndeipi Psychological Disorders Inozivikanwa?
Kurongwa uye kuongororwa chinhu chinokosha kune vese vanopa utano hwepfungwa uye voutano hwepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo pasina dambudziko rimwe chete, rinotsanangurwa rehutano hwepfungwa, mamwe maitiro akasiyana-siyana uye maitiro ekuongorora anobuda. Vanachiremba vanoshandisa Diagnostic uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders , rakabudiswa neAmerica Psychiatric Association, kuona kana zviratidzo zvezviito kana maitiro zvinosangana nemirairo yekuongororwa sechirwere chepfungwa. Rudzi Rwenyika Yose rwezvirwere, rakabudiswa neWorld Health Organization, rinowanzoshandiswawo.
Chinangwa Chokuwana Kuongororwa
Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vangave vadzivisa kutsvaga kuongororwa kwekutya kusarura kwevanhu, kuwana kuongororwa chikamu chinokosha chekuwana chirongwa chinoshanda cherapa. Kuongororwa hakusi kwekushandisa shanduro kune dambudziko; inenge ichitsvaga kugadzirisa matanho, marapirwo, uye ruzivo rwakabatana nedambudziko.
Psychological Disorder Prevalence
Kunyatsotsvakurudza kutsvakurudza kwakave kwakaratidza kuti matambudziko epfungwa akapararira zvakanyanya kudarika kare akatenda. Maererano neNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), inenge 26 kubva muzana yevanhu vekuAmerica vanopfuura makore gumi nemasere vanotambura nehutano hwehutano hwepfungwa mugore rakapiwa.
Iko 1994 National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) yakaratidza kuti 30 muzana yevanhu vakapindura vakanga vaona zviratidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa imwechete mugore rapfuura. Kuongorora kwakaratidza zvakare kuti inenge hafu yevanhu vose vakuru vanoona rumwe rutivi rwehutano hwepfungwa pane imwe nguva muupenyu hwavo.
Sangano reNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) rinofungidzira kuti muna 2014 makanga mune vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 9,8 muUnited States vane chirwere chakakomba chepfungwa. NIMH inotsanangura chirwere chakakomba chepfungwa sehupfungwa, hutsika kana hutano hwehutano hunoongororwa mukati megore rapfuura inosangana nehutano hwekuongorora hunotsanangurwa neDMM-IV. Matambudziko aya anofanirawo kutungamirira kukanganisa kwakakomba mukushanda izvo zvinorema kana kupindira chimwe kana zvimwe zvekuita mabasa makuru ehupenyu.
Sangano re2005 rakadzokorora zvakare National Comorbidity Survey uye rakawana kuti mamiriyoni gumi nemazana emadhora ehuwandu ehuwandu hwaive makumi maviri nemakumi maviri kubva kuvanhu vakuru vekuAmerica. Kushungurudzika kwekuzvidya mwoyo kwakimiririra matambudziko anowanzoitika mupfungwa (18.1 muzana), ane zvinetso zvepfungwa (9,5 muzana), kutonga kwepfungwa (8.9 kubva muzana) uye zvinetso zvine chokuita nezvinhu-zvinotevera (3.8 muzana) zvinotevera.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzekusawirirana kwepfungwa
I DSM inotsanangura zvinetso makumi mapfumbamwe nemasere zvakasiyana-siyana, pamwe nekushungurudzika kunowanikwa pasi peboka rakafanana kana rakakonzerwa nehutano subtypes. Zvimwe zvezvirwere zvakakurumbira zvinongororwa zvinosanganisira kusadya kwepfungwa, matambudziko emanzwiro, zvinetso zve somatoform, zvinetso zvekurara, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa uye kusawirirana kweunhu .
> Sources:
Kessler, RC, McGonagle, KA, Zhoa, S., Nelson, CB, Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., nevamwe. (1994). Upenyu hwose uye mwedzi gumi nemaviri kupararira kweDMM-III-R matambudziko epfungwa muUnited States: Zviwanikwa kubva kuNational Comorbidity Survey (NCS) . Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
Kessler, RC, Chiu, WT, Demler, O., Merikangas, KR, & Walters, EE (2005). Kuwedzera, kuoma, uye kukanganiswa kwematambudziko gumi nemwedzi gumi nemaviri eDSM-IV muNational Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62 (2), 617-627.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2008). Nhamba dzinoverengeka: Matambudziko epfungwa muAmerica.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2014). Dambudziko guru repfungwa (SMI) pakati pevakuru veUnited States.