Nzira yekare yekuongorora
Nyaya inowanzozivikanwa yehutachiona hwehutano hwepfungwa ndeyoKutsvaga uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders (DSM-5), ikozvino muhurukuro yayo yechishanu. Kunyange zvazvo DSM yekupedzisira, DSM-IV, yakashandiswa kuongororwa kwakawanda, DSM-5 yakabvisa urongwa uhwu.
Ndezvipi Zvitsva Zvishanu Mukuona Kuwanda Kwevanhu Vakawanda?
Mu DSM-IV-TR system, mumwe munhu akawanikwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo shanu dzakasiyana, kana kuti "axes." Muchikamu chimwe chete se-DSM-5 ndechokuti, mumwe munhu anowanikwa mune imwe ruzinda.
Semuenzaniso, kliniki yehutachiona, yakadai sehukuru hwekuora mwoyo, ingagoverwa. Izvo zvinonzi ma multiaxial system yaifungidzirwa kuti ipe zvakawanda.
Axisi I: Clinical Disorders
Matambudziko makuru epfungwa akaonekwa kune Axis I. Paunofunga nezvehutano hwepfungwa, idzi ndidzo mhando dzevhiringidzi dzinogona kuuya mupfungwa. Semuenzaniso, kuora mwoyo kukuru kwepfungwa uye mushure mekutambudzika kunetseka kwepfungwa kwakaonekwa kune Axis I. Matambudziko ekudzidza, akadai sokuverenga kana arithmetic disorders, nekuremara kwekuvandudza, zvakadai seviristic disorder, zvakare akawanikwa paAxis I.
Axis ini ndaifungidzirwa kuchengetwa matambudziko makuru aifungidzirwa kuti aine episodic, zvinoreva kuti kazhinji ane nguva yakachena uye nguva dzekuregererwa kana kuregererwa. Izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi pane zvinetso zvose zveAxis I, zvakadaro. Kugadzikana kwezvivimbiso, somuenzaniso, hazvisi zvekare.
Axisi II: Kushushikana Kwevanhu kana Kuchengetedza Kwepfungwa
Axis II zvakare yaisanganisira mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu atingafunga nezvehutano hwepfungwa, asi izvi zvaifungidzirwa kuva nguva-yakamira mamiriro ezvinhu aiwanzove asati ava nemakore 18.
Unhu hunovhiringidza hurefu, maitiro akazara ekufunga uye mufambiro anowanzoonekwa asati ava nemakore gumi nemasere asi anowanzoongororwa mushure mema18, apo hutano hunoonekwa hwakazara zvakanyatsoumbwa. Zvinetso izvi hazvifungi se episodic; ivo vanoonekwa sevakasimba uye vasingagumi.
Kuchengetedza kwepfungwa (MR) zvakarewo mamiriro ezvinhu akareba kwenguva refu anofanira kunge aripo asati ava nemakore gumi nematanhatu uye akachengetedza kwenguva. MUM anoreva zvakaderera pasi-kuenzanisa kushanda kwepfungwa kusanganiswa nekukanganisa mumamiriro ekugadzirisa.
Chimwe chikonzero chekutsvaga kwehutano hwemunhu uye MR paAxis II ndechokuti idzi ndezvisingagumi zvingagadziriswa kubva mumamiriro eAxis I kuitira kuti zvibvumirwe kuiswa pachena sezvo zvichitaura zvimwe zvinokosha zvekutsvaga ruzivo. Pakave nekukakavadzana, zvisinei, kana kusagadzikana kwehupenyu kwakanaka chaizvo kune hutano hwakasiyana neAxis I matambudziko emakiriniki, uye kana vachifanira kuramba vari paAxis II.
Axis III: Zvirwere zveMitambo kana zveMweya
Axis III yakachengeterwa kurapwa kana mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuchinja kana kuchinjwa nehutano hwepfungwa.
Somuenzaniso, kana mumwe munhu ane kenza, uye chirwere chavo uye kurapwa kwavo kunokanganisa utano hwavo hwepfungwa, izvo zvingave zvakakosha ruzivo rwunofanira kuendeswa mukuongorora. Saka, chirwere chekenza chinogona kuiswa paAxis III.
Zvimwe, mumwe munhu angave ane chirwere chekurapa chinokanganisa utano hwepfungwa. Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu ane chirwere cheshuga angasaita maererano nehurongwa hwehutano hwavo kana vane chirwere chepfungwa chinokonzera kushushikana kana kusazvibata.
Kuongorora chirwere chechiremba paAxis III chaiva kubatsira kuratidza chiremba wechinetso chingangodaro.
Axis IV: Kupa Kwemagariro kana Masayenzi
Kazhinji, chirwere chepfungwa chepfungwa chinowanikwa munharaunda yezvakakosha zvepakati pemagariro kana zvemagariro evanhu. Semuenzaniso, kurasikirwa nebasa, kurambana, matambudziko ezvemari kana kusagadzikana kunogona kubatsira pakuvandudza kana kuchengetedza hutano hwepfungwa. Chirwere chepfungwa chinogonawo kubatsira pakuvandudzwa kwezvipingamupinyi izvi. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinokosha zvakakonzerwa neAxis IV.
Axis V: Global Assessment yekushanda
Ikokupedzisira, Axis V, yakachengeterwa kuongororwa kwepasi rose kwekushanda (GAF).
I-GAF inhamba pakati pe 0 ne100 iyo yaireva kuratidza hutano hwako hwekushanda, kana kuti kukwanisa kwako kuita muhupenyu hunochinja zuva nezuva.
Zvikamu zvezasi zvakaratidza kushanda kwakadzika, uye zvikamu zve zero zvinoratidza kuti munhu akanga asingagoni kuchengetedza kuchengeteka kwawo kana hutsanana hwehutano kana kuti yaiva pedo yekutyisidzira kuchengeteka kana hutano hwevamwe. Zvikamu zvinosvika zana zvakaratidza kushanda kwakanakisisa.
Sei DSM-5 Yakabvisa Kuziva Kuwanda Kwemazhinji?
Izvo zvinotarisirwa kuti zvibatsire kusiyanisa pakati pekuongororwa, asi panzvimbo pacho zvakasika kuvhiringidzika uye zvakashata zvakakanganisa tsvakurudzo. DSM-5 yakabatanidza matanho matatu okutanga mune imwechete kuitira kuti ibvise kusiyana pakati pekuongororwa, iyo inobatsira vanachiremba, vatsvakurudzi nemakambani einishuwarenzi kurongedza ruzivo. Vanachiremba vachiri kuongorora varwere nokuda kwezvikamu zviviri zvekupedzisira, vanozviita chete vachishandisa zvishandisi zvakasiyana.
Sources:
American Psychiatric Association. Kuongororwa uye nhamba yehuwandu hwehutano hwepfungwa, 4th ed, mashoko ekuvandudzwa. Washington, DC, Author, 2000.
Bernstein, DP, Iscan, C, Maser, J, Bhuku revatungamiri, Association for Research in Person Disorder, & Board of Directors, International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders. "Mafungiro ehutano husingazivikanwi nyanzvi pamusoro peDMM-IV Mamiriro ekusawirirana kwevanhu." Zvinyorwa zvehutano hwevanhu , 21: 536-551, 2007.
"Kuchinja Multiaxial System." University University of South Carolina (2013).