Neurons ndiyo inoshandiswa pakuvaka sangano remagetsi. Aya masero akajeka ndiwo majekiti ekugadzirisa mashoko europi ane mhosva yekugamuchira uye kutumira mashoko. Nhengo imwe neimwe ye neuron inobatsira pakukurukura ruzivo mumuviri wose.
Neurons inotakura mameseji mumuviri wose, kusanganisira ruzivo rwemashoko kubva kunobva kunze kwemashoko uye zviratidzo kubva muuropi kusvika kune mamwe mapoka emasumbu mumuviri. Kuti unzwisise kuti sei neuron inoshanda, zvinokosha kutarisa pane imwe neimwe chikamu cheNeuron. Izvo zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zve neuron zvinobvumira kuti zviwane uye zvinoparidzira zviratidzo kune dzimwe nenyoni pamwe nemamwe marudzi emasero.
Dendrites
Dendrites imiti-yakawedzera pakutanga kwe-neuron inobatsira kuwedzera nzvimbo yenhengo dzemajeri. Izvi zvidiki zvishoma zvinogamuchira ruzivo kubva kune dzimwe nyuroni uye zvinotumira magetsi ekusimudzira soma. Dendrites anofukidzirwawo nema-synapses.
Dendrite Maitiro
- Nhamba dzakawanda dzinowedzera dendrites
- Zvisinei, mamwe ma-neuroni angave ane dendrite chete
- Vakawanda vashoma uye vane branched yakawanda
- Inotumira mashoko kune yese yomuviri
Nhamba dzakawanda dzinotora mapazi aya-akawedzera seanowedzera kunze kubva mumuviri wesero. Ava vanonzi dendrites vanobva vagamuchira zviratidzo zvemakemikari kubva kune mamwe maonuroni, ayo anobva atendeuka kuva magetsi emagetsi anotapurirwa kumusero.
Mamwe ma-neuroni ane maduku zvikuru, madiki madendrites, asi mamwe masero ane marefu akawanda. Nyeuroni yemitambo yenheyo yakakura ine dendrites yakareba uye yakakomba iyo inogamuchira zviratidzo kubva kune dzakawanda sevamwe neuroni ane chiuru.
Kana mafungiro emagetsi akaparidzirwa mukati kumakamuri masero akawandisa, achaita chiito chekuita. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviratidzo zviparidzike pasi pasi.
Soma
Iyo soma, kana kuti masero, ndiyo iyo zviratidzo kubva kune dendrites zvakabatanidzwa uye kupfuudzwa. Iyo soma uye nucleus hazvina kutamba basa rinoshingaira mukuendesa kwechiratidzo chetsva. Pane kudaro, idzi zvivako zviviri zvinoshanda kuchengetedza sero uye kuchengetedza neuron kushanda.
Mifananidzo ye soma:
- Iine nhengo dzakasiyana siyana dzinobatanidzwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemasero.
- Iine nucleus yekamuri inobereka RNA inotungamirira kupindirana kwemapuroteni.
- Inotsigira uye inochengetedza kushandiswa kweeonon.
Funga nezvemuviri wechipinda sefekitari duku inotengesa neuron. Iyo soma inobereka mapuroteni ayo mamwe mativi e-neuron, kusanganisira dendrites, axons, uye synapses, inoda kushanda zvakanaka.
Nhengo dzekusigira dzekamuri dzinosanganisira mitochondria, iyo inopa simba rekamuri, uye yeGoggi apparatus, izvo zvigadzirwa zvepakiti zvakagadzirwa nesero uye zvinotumira kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana mukati nekunze kwekamuri.
Axon Hillock
Hembe inonzi hixlock iri pamagumo e-soma uye inodzora kupisa kweeuron. Kana simba rose rechiratidzo ichipfuura chikamu chemukati we axon hillock, sarudzo inopisa chiratidzo (inozivikanwa sechinhu chinogona kuita ) pasi payo axon.
Hemonon hillock inoshanda sechimwe chinhu chemutungamiriri, kuenzanisa zvikamu zvose zvekudzivirira uye zvinonakidza. Kana huwandu hwemashoko aya hupfuura imwe chikumbaridzo, chiito chekuita chichagadziriswa uye chiratidzo chemagetsi chichazoendeswa pasi pasi neadon kure nemuviri wesero. Ichi chiito chinogona kukonzerwa nekushandurwa mumitambo yeIon iyo inobatwa nekushandurwa kwemaitiro.
Mune nzvimbo yakasununguka yokuzorora, neuron ine inopinza mukati me -70mV. Apo chiratidzo chinogamuchirwa nesero, inokonzera ioni sodium kupinda musero uye kuderedza kupisa.
Kana iyo axon hillock ichikudzirwa kune imwe chikumbaridzo, chimwe chinhu chinogona kuitwa chichapisa moto uye chichitumira chiratidzo chemagetsi pasi pesexon kune synapses. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti chiito chekuita icho chinhu chose-kana-pasina- uye zviratidzo hazvina kuparidzirwa. Iyenyuroni ingangove moto kana kuti kwete.
Axon
Inonzi axon ndiyo fiber inobatanidza iyo inowedzera kubva mumuviri wechipinda kusvika kumagumo ekuguma uye inotumira chiratidzo chesaural. Iyo yakakura kubwinya kwexonon, iyo inokurumidza kutumira mashoko. Mamwe majekoni akafukidzwa nemafuta ane mafuta anonzi myelin anoshanda sevhavharidzi. Aya axelinated axons anotumira mashoko nekukurumidza kupfuura mamwe maonuroni.
Axon Maitiro
- Necononi dzakawanda dzine axon imwe chete
- Tumira mashoko kunze kwemuviri wechipinda
- May or may not have myelin covering
Axons inogona kumira zvinoshamisa mukukura. Zvimwe zvipfupi se1m1mmm, asi dzimwe dzinogona kupfuura mamita matatu kureba.
Iyo myelin inopoteredza neurons inodzivirira axon uye mishonga mukufambisa kwekutumira. Iyo myelin sheath yakavhuniwa nemashoko anozivikanwa se node dze Ranvier kana myelin sheath zvipfigiso. Mafungiro emagetsi anokwanisa kutumbuka kubva pane imwe node kuenda kune inotevera, iyo inobatsira pakukurumidza kutengesa kwechiratidzo.
Axons inobatana nemamwe masero mumuviri kusanganisira dzimwe neuroni, masero masero, uye nhengo. Izvi zvakabatana zvinowanikwa pamasangano anozivikanwa se synapses. Iyo synapses inobvumira magetsi nemakemikari mharidzo kuti iparidzirwe kubva kune neonon kune mamwe masero mumuviri.
Terminal Buttons uye Synapses
Izvo zvikwangwani zvinogumira zviri pamagumo e-neuron uye zvine basa rekutumira chiratidzo kune dzimwe nyeuroni. Pakuguma kwegadziriro yebhokisi ibasa rinozivikanwa se synapse. Neurotransmitters inoshandiswa kutakura chiratidzo kune dzimwe svondo.
Iyo mabhodhi ekupedzisira ane vesicles akabata neurotransmitters. Apo chiratidzo chemagetsi chinosvika kumabhodhi ekupedzisira, neurotransmitters anobva asunungurwa mu synaptic gap. Izvo zviratidzo zvinogadziriswa zvinoshandura kuchinja mafungiro emagetsi mumashizha emakemikari. Zvinonzi neurotransmitter kupfuura kudarika musasa iyo iyo iyo inogamuchirwa nemamwe masero emagetsi.
Zvirongo zvekupedzisira zvinotarisirwawo zvakare reuptake yevamwe vanodzvinyirira vanonyanya kubudiswa panguva iyi.
Shoko Rinobva
Neurons inoshandiswa sezvivako zvekuvakwa kwehurongwa hwemagetsi uye inofanirwa kutaurira maziso mumutumbi wose. Kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pezvikamu zvakasiyana zve neuron kunogona kukubatsira kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti zvivakwa izvi zvinokosha zvinoshanda sei uye kuti zvinetso zvakasiyana sei, zvakadai sezvirwere zvinokonzera kusangana kwekutsvaira, zvinogona kuita kuti mharidzo ibudiswe mumuviri wose ..
> Sources:
> Debanne, D., Campana, E., Bialowas, A., Carlier, E., Alcaraz, G. Axon physiology. Psychological Reviews. 2011; 91 (2): 555-602. DOI: 10.1152 / physrev.00048.2009.
> Lodish, H., Berk, A., & Zipursky, SL, et al. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition. New York: WH Freeman.
> Squire, L., Berg, D., Bloom, F., du Lac, S., Ghosh, A., & Spitzer, N., eds. (2008). Chinokosha Neuroscience (3rd ed.). Academic Press.