Kukuvadzwa Kwake kwakakonzerwa neNew Discoveries muNeuroscience
Phineas Gage anowanzotumidzwa semumwe wevarume vanonyanya kuzivikanwa neuroscience. Akatambura kukuvadzwa kwehuropi hutsinye apo tsvimbo yesimbi yakadzingwa kuburikidza nehenya rake rose, zvichiparadza zvakawanda zvekuona kwake . Gage chishamiso chakapukunyuka pangozi asi yakashandurwa zvakadai sekuti vazhinji veshamwari dzake vakamurondedzera semunhu akasiyana zvakakwana.
Njodzi yaPineas Gage
Musi waSeptember 13, 1848, Gage uyo aiva nemakore makumi maviri nemashanu Gage aishanda semutungamiri wevashandi vachigadzira bhedhi rechitima pedyo neCavendish, Vermont. Akanga achishandisa tsvimbo yesimbi yakanyunguduka kuti iise pfupa rinoputika mumugodhi. Zvinosuruvarisa, iyo pfupa inodzimwa, kutumisa masentimita makumi mana yakareba uye 1.25-inch in diameter rondedzero inokonzera kumusoro. Tsvimbo yakapinda mucheka weGage kuruboshwe, yakabvarura kuburikidza neuropi yake, uye yakabuda muhenya rake isati yasvika mazana makumi matanhatu kubva ipapo.
Gage haana kungopona chete kukuvadzwa kwekutanga asi akakwanisa kutaura uye kufamba kumotokari yaiva pedyo kuitira kuti aende kunogara muguta kuti aonekwe nachiremba. Dr. Edward H. Williams, chiremba wokutanga kupindura gare gare akatsanangura zvaakawana:
"Ini ndakaona pakutanga maronda pamusoro pangu ndisati ndaenda kubva pamotokari yangu, kutora kwouropi kwave kwakasiyana chaizvo.VaMu Gage, panguva yandakanga ndichiongorora iyi vanga, yakanga ichitaura nzira yaakakuvadzwa nayo kune avo vakamira "Ini handina kutenda mutemo waVaGage panguva iyoyo, asi ndakafunga kuti akanyengedzwa.VaGage vakaramba vachireva kuti bhari yaipfuura nomusoro wake ... Mr. G. akasimuka uye akarutsa; teacupful yeuropi, yakawira pasi. "
Nenguva isipi, Dr. John Martyn Harlow vakatora nyaya yacho. Icho chiri kuburikidza neHarlow yekucherechedza kwekukuvara uye yake inotsanangurwa gare gare kuchinja kwepfungwa kweGage kunopa hukuru hwemashoko makuru atinoziva iye zvino nezvenyaya yacho. Harlow akarondedzera kukanganisa kwekutanga kwebasa racho se "chaizvoizvo gore gore reropa."
Gare gare mune tsanangudzo yakabudiswa nyaya yacho, Harlow akanyora kuti Gage akanga achiri kuziva pashure manheru iwayo uye akakwanisa kurondedzera mazita evashandi vake. Gage akatotaura kuti haana kuda kuona shamwari dzake sezvo aizodzoka kuzoshanda "zuva kana maviri" chero zvakadaro.
Mushure mokunge mava nehutachiona, Gage akabva apedza Svondo 23 kusvika Gumiguru 3 mune imwe nyika yakasangana. Musi waOctober 7, akatora matanho ake okutanga kubva pamubhedha uye paOctober 11 kushanda kwake kwepfungwa kwakatanga kuvandudza. Harlow akataura kuti Gage aiziva kuti nguva yakareba sei kubva pangozi uye akayeuka zvakajeka kuti njodzi yacho yaitika sei, asi zvakaoma kuverenga ukuru nemari yemari. Mumwedzi mumwe chete, Gage akanga achida kuenda kunze kweimba uye kumugwagwa.
The Aftermath
Mumwedzi yakatevera, Gage akadzokera kumusha wemubereki wake kuNew Hampshire kuti awanezve. Apo Harlow akaona Gage zvakare gore rinotevera, chiremba akati apo Gage akanga arasikirwa nemaziso muziso rake uye akasara ane zvipembenene zvakajeka kubva pangozi, akanga ari hutano hwakanaka uye akaonekwa akadzoka.
Asingakwanisi kudzokera kumushandi wake wegwagwa, Gage akabata mutsva wemabasa anosanganisira basa mune imwe chigarire chechivery, mutyairi wechikwata muChile, nebasa rekurima muCalifornia.
Mishumo yakakurumbira yeGage kazhinji inomuratidza somunhu anoshanda zvakaoma, murume anofadza asati aitika. Pashure-pangozi, mitsara iyi inorondedzera iye savanhu vakashandura, vachiratidza kuti kukuvadzwa kwave kwakamuita kuti ave chidhakwa, chidhakwa chinonetsa chakakundikana kubata basa.
Saizvozvowo unhu hwaGage hwakashandurwa semamwe emishumo mushure mekufa kwake ataura? Uchapupu hunoratidza kuti dzakawanda dzezvaifungidzirwa kuti zvinokonzerwa nenjodzi dzingangodaro dzakanyanyisa uye kuti iye chaizvoizvo ainyanya kushanda kupfuura zvakataurwa kare.
Harlow akaratidza nhoroondo yekutanga yekuchinja kwekuita kwaGage mushure mekuitika kwengozi:
Pamberi pokukuvara kwake, kunyange asina kudzidziswa muzvikoro, aive nemafungiro akanaka, uye akatariswa neavo vaiziva semuchenjeri, bhizimisi wemabhizimisi, ane simba guru uye anopfuurira mukuita zvirongwa zvake zvose zvekushanda. Panyaya iyi pfungwa dzake dzakashandurwa zvakanyanya, saka zvakasarudzwa kuti shamwari dzake neshamwari dzake dzakati haasi 'Gage zvakare.'
Sezvo pane uchapupu huri pachena hwehuwandu hwakaenzana hwekukuvara kweGage kunze kwehupoti yaHarlow, zvakaoma kuziva zvakajeka kuti uropi hwake hwakanyanya kuipa sei. Nhoroondo dzeHarlow dzinoratidza kuti kukuvara kwakakonzera kurasikirwa kwehukama hwevanhu, zvichiita kuti Gage iite nenzira dzakaratidzika seisina kukodzera.
Kuve Kwakanyanya Kwaiva Sei naPineas Gage's Brain Damage?
Mukudzidza muna 1994, vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa nzira dzekushandura maitiro ekugadzirisa gheta reGage uye kugadzirisa kunyatsoiswa kwekukuvara. Zvavakawana zvinoratidza kuti akakuvadzwa kune zvose zviri kuruboshwe uye zvakarurama zvepamusoro-soro, izvo zvingaguma nezvinetso nekugadzirisa manzwiro uye kugadzirisa mazano.
Chimwe chidzidzo chakaitwa muna 2004 chaisanganisira kushandisa matatu-dimensional, kombiyuta-kubatsirwa kuvakazve kuti aongorore kuwanda kwekukuvara kweGage kwakawana kuti migumisiro yacho yaiva yakakwana kuruboshwe rworuboshwe.
Muna 2012, kutsvakurudza kutsva kwakafungidzira kuti tsvimbo yesimbi yakaparadza anenge 11 muzana yemubvunzo mutsvuku muGage's loal frontal uye 4 muzana yehutachiona hwake.
Gage's Influence on Psychology
Nyaya yeGage yakanga ine simba guru pamusana pehutachiona hwemhepo. Iko kushandurwa kwakanyatsoonekwa mumitemo yake kwakaratidza kune mafungiro anowanzobuda pamusoro pekuwana kwouropi hunoita basa , kana pfungwa yokuti mamwe mabasa anobatanidzwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeuropi.
Nhasi, masayendisiti anonyatsonzwisisa basa iro rakatarisana nekortex muzvinhu zvakakosha-zvakarongeka zvakadai sokufunga, mutauro, uye zvekugarisana kwevanhu. Mumakore iwayo, neurolology yakanga iri mumwana wayo, nhoroondo yeGage inoshamisa yakashanda seimwe yezvokutanga zvehuchapupu hwokuti lobe yepamberi yakabatanidzwa munhu .
Chii Chakaitika KunaFineas Gage?
Mushure mematambudziko, Gage haana kukwanisa kudzokera kumabasa ake apfuura. Maererano naHarlow, Gage akapedza nguva yakati achifamba neNew England neEurope nesimbi yake inoputika kuitira kuti awane mari, inofungidzirwa kunyange kuBarum American Museum muNew York.
Akashanda kwenguva pfupi pachigadziko chekuvhara muNew Hampshire ndokubva apedza makore manomwe semutyairi wemagetsi muChile. Akazoenda kuSan Francisco kunogara naamai vake sezvo hutano hwake hwakashata. Mushure mokutambudzika kwechikwata chekufa kwekufa, Gage akafa musi waMay 20, 1860, makore anenge 13 mushure mokunge aitika.
Makore manomwe gare gare, mutumbi waGage wakabuda uye bhehenya rake uye tsvimbo inoputika yakatorwa kuna Dr. Harlow. Nhasi, zvose zvinogona kuonekwa paHarvard University School of Medicine.
> Sources:
> Costandi, M. (2012). Phineas Gage's connectome. The Guardian.
> Harlow JM (1848). Kupera kwetsvimbo yesimbi mumusoro. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39 , 389-393.
> Harlow, JM (1868). Kubva shure kwekukuvadza kwakanyanya kune musoro. Bulletin ye Massachusetts Medical Society. Yakanyorwa zvakare mu History of Psychiatry, 4 (14) , 274-281 (1993) ini: 10.1177 / 0957154X9300401407
> Twomey, S. (2010). Phineas Gage: Neuroscience's Most Famous Patient. Magazine Smithsonian .
> Van Horn, JD, et al. (2012). Mepu Kubatana Kusvibiswa Munyaya yaPineas Gage. PLoS ONE, 7 (5) , e37454. DOI: 10.1371 / magazini.pone.0037454