Zvimwe zvePakuvamba Kupfuura Pose Pepychology
Apo pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakatanga kusimbiswa se sayenzi yakasiyana nehupenyu hwehupenyu nefilosofi, nharo pamusoro pekutsanangura uye kutsanangura pfungwa dzevanhu uye maitiro zvakatanga. Zvidzidzo zviviri zvekutanga zvepfungwa zvepfungwa zvekubuda panguva ino zvaizivikanwa sehurongwa uye hutsika. Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo izvi zvisingatauriki sezvo psychology yaifambira mberi saisayenzi, vakaita zvipo zvinokosha pakudzika kwepfungwa dzemazuva ano.
Structuralism, Functionalism, uye Origins of Psychology
Chimiro chechimiro chakaonekwa sechikoro chekutanga chekufunga uye zvimwe zvemashoko akabatanidzwa nechechi ye structuralist yakatsigirwa nemusimboti webhuku rekutanga rezvepfungwa , Wilhelm Wundt . Mumwe wevadzidzi veWundt, murume anonzi Edward B. Titchener , aizotanga kuumba uye kuvaka zita rake, kunyange zvazvo akaparara kubva kune dzakawanda pfungwa dzeWundt uye pane dzimwe nguva akatoita zvisiri izvo zvinodzidziswa nemudzidzisi wake.
Pamwe pakarepo dzimwe dzidziso dzaivapo kuti dzirambe dzichida kutonga mune zvepfungwa. Mukupindurwa nekugadzirisa maitiro, maonero eAmerica anozivikanwa sehutano akabuda kubva kune vane pfungwa dzakadai saCharles Darwin naWilliam James.
Muna 1906, Mary Whiton Calkins akabudisa nyaya munyaya dzePsychological Review vachikumbira kuyananiswa pakati pezvikoro zviviri zvepfungwa. Kurongeka uye kushanda kwakanga kusiri zvakasiyana, akakavadzana, sezvo vose vari vaviri vane hanya nehunozviziva.
Pasinei neizvi, rutivi rumwe norumwe rwakaramba ruchikandira kune rumwe rutivi. William James akanyora kuti chimiro chaiva ne "chikoro chakawanda, asi chisingafungi," apo Wilhelm Wundt akadzinga basa se "mabhuku" pane shanduro.
Pakupedzisira, zvese zvezvikoro zvepfungwa zvakarasikirwa nekutonga mune zvepfungwa, dzakatsiviwa nekusimudzirwa kwehutano , psychoanalysis , hukama hwevanhu , uye pfungwa dzepfungwa kubva pakutanga uye pakati pezana remakore rechimakumi maviri.
Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kuti idzi chikoro chepakutanga chepfungwa chakakonzera sei maitiro epfungwa, regai tinyatsotarisa mumwe nomumwe.
Chii Chakanga Chiri Mudungwe?
Structuralism yakanga iri chikoro chokutanga chepfungwa uye yakatarira pakuputsa maitiro ekufunga mukati mezvinhu zvakanyanya. Vatsvakurudzi vakaedza kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvekuziva vachishandisa nzira inozivikanwa sekutangisa.
Wilhelm Wundt, muvambi webhuku rokutanga rwepfungwa, anowanzobatanidzwa nechikoro ichi chekufunga pasinei nokuti ndiye mudzidzi wake, Edward B. Titchener, uyo akatanga kugadzira izwi kurondedzera chikoro ichi chokufunga.
Kunyange zvazvo basa raWundt rakabatsira kusimbisa pfungwa dzepfungwa semasayeri akasiyana uye nzira dzakagadzirirwa kuongororwa kwepfungwa, Wundt pachake akataura nezvemaonero ake ekufunga kwepfungwa sekuzvipira uye mafungiro ake akaratidza kuva akazara kupfuura zvakataurwa naTtchener muUnited States. Kukura kwaTitchener kwekugadzirisa masangano kwakabatsira kusimbisa "chikoro" chokutanga chepfungwa, asi chimiro pachavo hachina kupera kwenguva refu kupfuura kufa kwaTitchener.
Zvinotsigira uye Kururamisa kweStrucuralism
Nemazuva ano zvesayenzi, nzira dzekuedza dzinoshandiswa kuongorora zvivako zvepfungwa dzakanga dzakanyanyisa pasi-kushandiswa kwekujekesa kwakatungamirira mukusava nekuvimbika mune zvabuda.
Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kugadzirisa zvinhu kwakanyanya kunetseka nemufambiro wepakati, izvo zvisiri kunyatsocherechedza uye hazvikwanisi kuyerwa zvakarurama.
Zvisinei, izvi zvinotsanangurwa hazvirevi kuti chimiro chakanga chisina kukosha. Kugadziriswa kwakakosha nokuti ndiyo yekutanga chikoro chikuru chokufunga mupfungwa. Chikoro chechirongwa chechirongwa chakakonzerawo kukura kwekuongorora kwepfungwa.
Chii chaive kushanda?
Basa rekushanda rakaumbwa senzira yekuita sarudzo uye rakakanganiswa zvikuru nebasa raWilliam James uye shanduko yekushanduka kweCharles Darwin. Vashandi vanoedza kutsanangurira maitiro ekufunga nenzira yakarongeka uye yakarurama.
Panzvimbo pokuisa pfungwa pazvinhu zvekuziva, vashandi vanofunga nezvechinangwa chekuziva uye mufambiro. Basa rekushanda rakasimbisawo kusawirirana kweumwe, izvo zvakakonzera zvakanyanya dzidzo.
Vamwe vevanyori vanofunga nezvekushanda vaisanganisira William James , John Dewey , Harvey Carr naJohn Angell.
Simba uye Mazano ekushanda
Basa rekushanda rakatsoropodzwa zvichida rakanyanya kufarirwa neWundt. "Ndiyo mabhuku." Zvakanaka, asi haisi pfungwa dzepfungwa, "akadaro pamusoro pemabasa anonzi William James ' The Principles of Psychology .
Basa rekushanda raive chinhu chakakosha pamapfungwa. Yakakonzera kukura kwehutsika uye kushandisa psychology. Basa rekushanda rakashandurawo hurongwa hwekudzidzisa, kunyanya maererano nekutenda kwaJohn Dewey kuti vana vanofanira kudzidza pane zvavanenge vachigadzirira.
Shoko Rinobva
Kunyange zvazvo hapana zvezvikoro izvi zvokutanga zvepfungwa zvicharamba zviripo nhasi, zvose zviri zviviri zvine simba rinokosha pakuonekwa kwepfungwa sekusayenzi yemazuva ano. Wundt uye Titchener's structuralism yakaita basa mukutsvaga kwepfungwa yekuongorora shanduro, asi basa raJames rakabatsira kubatsira pfungwa dzepfungwa pakugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo. Nokunzwisisa hutungamiri hwehutano uye hutsika, unogona kuwana kukoshesa kukuru kwekuita kwepfungwa kusvika panguva yazvino.
> Sources:
> Fancher, RE & Rutherford, A. Vapiyona vePychology: A History. New York: WW Norton; 2012.
> Schultz, DP & Schultz, SE. A History of Modern Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Kudzidza; 2016.