Unhu hupi chaizvo? Kunobva kupi? Inoshanduka apo isu tichikura? Aya ndiwo marudzi emibvunzo yakave yakatora kufadza kwevanodzidza nezvepfungwa uye izvo zvakafuridzira nhamba dzakasiyana dzedzimwe unhu.
Unhu Chii?
Kunyange humwe humwe chinhu chatinotaura pamusoro penguva dzose ("Ane unhu hwakadaro!" Kana kuti "Unhu hwake hwakakwana mubasa iri!"), Unogona kushamiswa kuziva kuti avo vanofunga nezvepfungwa havabvumirani pane imwe tsanangudzo chechinhu chinonyatsoita munhu.
Unhu hunowanzotsanangurwa sekuumbwa kwemaitiro emafungiro, manzwiro, uye maitiro anoita kuti munhu ave akasiyana. Mune mamwe mashoko, ndizvo zvinokuita iwe !
Vatsvakurudzi vakawana apo zvimwe zvinhu zvekunze zvinogona kukanganisa kuti humwe hutano hunoratidzwa sei, unhu hunotangira mukati momumwe. Kunyange zvazvo zvikamu zvishomanana zvehupenyu zvingashanduka apo isu tichikura, unhu hunoitawo kuti hurambe huripo hupenyu hwose.
Nemhaka yokuti unhu hunoita basa rakakosha zvakadaro mukubata kwevanhu, rimwe rese rebazi rezvepfungwa rinozvipira pakudzidza nyaya ino inonakidza. Unhu hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinofarira humwe hunhu hunoshamisa hwevanhu, pamwe nekufananidzwa pakati pemapoka evanhu.
Mamiriro
Kuti uchinzwisise pfungwa dzehupenyu, zvakakosha kudzidza zvimwe zvezvakakosha zvinoshandiswa nemunhu.
- Unhu hwakarongeka uye hunoenderana. Tinowanzotaurira zvimwe zvinhu zvehupenyu hwedu mumamiriro akasiyana uye mhinduro dzedu dzakawanda dzakagadzikana.
- Kunyange zvazvo unhu huri hwakasimba, hunogona kutungamirirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, apo unhu hwako hunogona kukutungamirira iwe kunyara mumagariro evanhu, dambudziko rinogona kukutungamirira iwe kutora zvinyorwa zvisingatauri uye kutora.
- Unhu hunoita kuti zviito zviitike. Iwe unoita kuvanhu uye zvinhu zviri mumamiriro ako ezvinhu zvichibva pauri hwako. Kubva pane zvaunofarira pane zvaunosarudza basa, zvikamu zvose zvehupenyu hwako zvinoshandiswa nemunhu wako.
Mafungiro Akave Akadzidza Sei?
Iye zvino zvaunoziva zvishoma pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvehupenyu, inguva yekunyatsoongorora kuti masayendisiti anonyatsoongorora unhu hwevanhu. Kune nzira dzakasiyana dzakashandiswa mukudzidza kweunhu. Nzira imwe neimwe ine simba rayo uye utera.
- Nzira dzekuongorora ndiyo iyo iyo muongorori anodzora uye anotungamirira mhando dzezvaanoda uye anotora matanho emigumisiro. Iyi ndiyo inyanzvi yakawanda yesayenzi, asi kutsvakurudza kwekuedza kunogona kuva kwakaoma paunodzidza zvinhu zveunhu hwakadai sekukurudzira, manzwiro , uye zvinotyaira. Aya mazano ari mukati, asingazivikanwi, uye anogona kunge akaoma kuverenga. Nzira yekuedza inobvumira vatsvakurudzi kutarisa kukonzera-uye-kuita hukama pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzekufarira.
- Zvidzidzo zvepfungwa uye kuzvipa-nhaurwa dzinosanganisira kuongorora kwakadzika kweumwe munhu uyewo ruzivo rwakapiwa nomunhu wacho. Zvinyorwa zvenguva yakavimbika zvinodavirwa zvikuru pamusoro pekududzirwa kwemucherechedzi, apo nzira dzezvokuzvitsvakira zvichitenderera pamusoro pekuyeuka kweumwe munhu anofarira. Nemhaka yeizvi, nzira idzi dzinowanzove dzakagadzikana zvikuru uye zvakaoma kujekesa zviwanikwa kune vanhu vakawanda.
- Kutsvakurudza kwekliniki kunotsigira kune ruzivo rwakakonzerwa kubva kuchipatara varwere munguva yekurapa. Unhu hwakasiyana-siyana hunofanirwa nemhando iyi yekutsvakurudza, asi nekuda kwekutsvakurudza nyaya dzakasiyana uye kuratidza unhu husina kuchena, kutsvakurudza uku kunowanzove kwakanyanya kuzviisa pasi uye kwakaoma kuwedzera.
Mafungiro Makuru
Unhu hwepfungwa ndeyekutarisa kwevamwe vanonyanya kuzivikanwa nepfungwa dzepfungwa dzevamwe vanofunga zvakakurumbira kusanganisira Sigmund Freud naErik Erikson. Zvimwe zvemashoko aya anoedza kutarisa nzvimbo chaiyo yehupenyu apo vamwe vanoedza kutsanangura unhu zvakanyanya.
Biological Theories
Nzira dzezvakagadzirwa nehupenyu dzinoratidza kuti genetics inokonzera unhu. Mune chimiro chechipiri maererano nekukwikwidza nharo , maitiro ezvinyorwa zvehupenyu pamwe nemasikirwo.
Kutsvakurudza pamusoro pekugadzikana kunoratidza kuti pane kuwirirana pakati peiyo genetics uye unhu hweunhu. Chidzidzo chechipiri chinowanzoshandiswa kutsvakurudza kuti zvii zvingave zvakabatanidzwa kune zvizvarwa zvepamusoro kune izvo zvingave zvakabatana nekusiyana kwezvakatipoteredza. Somuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kutarisa kusiyana nekusiyana kwehukama hwemapatya akarerwa pamwechete pamwe nevaya vanosimudzwa.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanakisisa zvakanyatsozivikanwa nezvehupenyu hwemainzi theorists ndiHans Eysenck , uyo akabatanidza humwe humwe hwehupenyu kune hutano hwehupenyu. Semuenzaniso, Eysenck akatsigira kuti mavhisi aive nekwakakura yekortical arousal, achivatungamirira kuti varege kukurudzira. Kune rumwe rutivi, Eysenck akatenda kuti kudengenyeka kwaiva nechechi yekortical yakasimudza, zvichiita kuti vatsvake zviitiko zvinokurudzira.
Nzira dzeKutenda
Maitiro evanhu vanodzidza mazano anosanganisira BF Skinner naJohn B. Watson . Nzira dzekuzvibata dzinoratidza kuti unhu hugumisiro hwekukurukurirana pakati pemunhu nemamiriro ezvinhu. Maitiro ekudzidzira mafungiro akaongororwa achicherechedza uye maitiro anoyera, achiramba dzidziso dzinotora pfungwa dzomukati uye manzwiro.
Psychodynamic Theories
Pfungwa dzePyydydynamic dzounhu dzakakanganiswa zvikuru nebasa raSigmund Freud uye kusimbisa simba rekusaziva nepfungwa dzehutano pamunhu. Dzidziso dzePyydydynamic dzinosanganisira Sigmund Freud's psychosexual shanho yedzidzo uye matanho eErik Erikson ekusimudzirwa kwepfungwa.
Freud aitenda kuti zvinhu zvitatu zveunhu hwakanga huri id, yego, uye superego . Izvo ndiyo inokonzera zvese zvinodiwa uye inokurudzira, nepo hutungamiri hwezvinangwa uye tsika. Ego inoenzanisa pakati pezvinoda zve id, superego, uye chokwadi. Freud akarayirwa kuti vana vafambire kuburikidza nezvikamu zvezvikamu umo id id inotarisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
Erikson aidavirawo kuti hupenyu hwakapfuurira kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemashure, pamwe nekukakavadzana kunowanikwa pachikamu chimwe nechimwe. Kubudirira mune chero zvikamu zvinotarisana nokubudirira kukurira izvi zvinetso.
Humanist Theories
Dzidziso dzevanhu dzinotsigira kukosha kwezvisarudzo zvekuzvisarudzira uye ruzivo rwomumwe munhu mukukudziridza unhu. Humanist theorists yakaisawo pfungwa pamusoro pechikonzero chekuzvitsvaga , izvo zvinodiwa nevana vekuwedzera kukurudzira izvo zvinokurudzira maitiro. Humanist theorists dzinosanganisira Carl Rogers naAbraham Maslow .
Matongerwo Enhema
Nzira iyo inyanzvi nzira ndeyeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira mukati mehupenyu hwepfungwa. Maererano nedzidziso idzi, unhu hunoumbwa nezviitiko zvakawanda . Chimwe chimiro chinonyanya kukoshesa chimiro chinokonzera munhu kuzvibata mune dzimwe nzira. Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinosanganisira Eysenck's three-dimension theory uye zvishanu pfungwa yehuunhu.
Eysenck akashandisa unhu hwemashoko evanhu kuti atore data kubva kune vatori vechikamu uye akabva ashandisa nzira yekuverengera inozivikanwa sekuti factor analysis kuti iongorore mhinduro. Eysenck akagumisa kuti paiva nehutatu hukuru hweunhu: extroversion, neuroticism, uye psychoticism.
Panguva yekuongorora kwake kwokutanga, akarondedzera zvikamu zviviri zvakakura zvehupenyu hwaaitaura se Introversion / Extroversion neNeuroticism / Stability. Extroversion uye introversion zvine chokuita nekuti vanhu vanowanzotaurirana sei nenyika panguva yetsvina uye kugadzikana kwakabatana nemanzwiro.
Eysenck aidavira kuti zviyero izvi zvinozobatanidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti uite unhu hwakasiyana hwomunhu. Gare gare, Eysenck akawedzera nharaunda yechitatu inozivikanwa sepististism, iyo inobatanidza zvinhu zvakadai sechisimba , tsitsi , uye hukama.
Vatsvakurudzi vakazotevera vakaratidza kuti pane zviyero zvishanu zvakakura zvinoumba hukama hwevanhu. Kazhinji inonzi inonzi Big Big theory of personality, iyi nharo inoratidza kuti humwe hutatu hukuru hweunhu hwakasununguka ndekuzaruka, kusarura, kuwedzererwa, kubvumirana, uye neuroticism, dzimwe nguva inowanikwa nezwi rinobatsira OCEAN.
Mazivikanwa anozivikanwa
Vamwe vevanhu vanozivikanwa zvikuru mukurumbira wepfungwa vakasiya chiratidzo chisingagumi pamunda weunhu. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani dzidziso dzakasiyana dzehupenyu, zvinogona kubatsira kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pehupenyu, maonero, uye zvipo kune zvepfungwa dzevapfungwa idzi dzakakurumbira.
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) ndiye aiva nheyo yepfungwa dzepfungwa. Zvidzidzo zvake zvakasimbisa kukosha kweruzivo rwekusaziva, kuitika kwevana, kurota, uye chiratidzo. Nheyo yake yekugadzirwa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzakagadzirisa kuti vana vanofambira mberi nehuwandu hwezvikamu panguva iyo libidinal energy inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzomuviri.
Mifungo yake ndiyo iyo inozivikanwa seyizidzo huru nokuti dzinotsvaga kutsanangura zvinenge zvose zvehupenyu hwevanhu. Mimwe yemafungiro aFrud inonzi haasati apera nevanodzidza nezvemazuva ano, asi ane simba guru pamusana pepfungwa uye mamwe mazano, zvakadai sekubatsira kwekutaura kutaura uye kukosha kwekusaziva, vari kutsungirira.
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) akanga ari ego wezvepfungwa akadzidziswa naAna Freud . Nharo yake yezvikamu zvepfungwa dzinofananidzira kuti unhu hunokura sei muupenyu hwose. Kufanana naFreud, mamwe maonero eErikson nharo anofungidzirwa kusati yamboitika nevatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano, asi nharo yake yemasereti masere ekubudirira inoramba ichizivikanwa uye ine simba.
BF Skinner
BF Skinner (1904-1990) aiva mufambi wenhau anozivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwekutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pekugadzirisa mafungiro uye kuwanikwa kwezvirongwa zvekusimbisa . Zvirongwa zvekusimbisa zvinokurudzira kuti nokukurumidza maitiro anowanikwa sei uye simba rekupindura. Sheduro inorondedzerwa ne Skinner inogadziriswa-nhepfenyuro yemararamiro, shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana, schedules, uye sarudzo-interval-schedule.
Sandra Bem
Sandra Bem (1944-2014) aine simba rinokosha mune zvepfungwa uye pamanzwisisiro edu nezvebasa repabonde, zvepabonde, uye zvepabonde. Akatora pfungwa yake yegender schema kuti atsanangure kuti hutungamiri hwevanhu uye tsika dzinopa sei pfungwa pamusoro pepabonde nevakadzi. Gender schemas, Bem yakarongedzerwa, yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakadai sekuberekera vana, chikoro, mashizha makuru, nezvimwe zvinetso zvetsika.
Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) akanga ari nyanzvi yezvepfungwa dzevanhu, iyo yakagadzira hurumende inozivikanwa yezvinodiwa . Iyi hurumende inosanganisira zvido zvepanyama, kuchengetedzwa nekuchengeteka zvinodikanwa, rudo uye rudo rwekuda, kuzvidzora kwezvido, uye kuzvigadzirisa zvinodiwa.
Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) akanga ari nyanzvi yezvepfungwa dzevanhu, uyo aidavira kuti vanhu vose vane unhu huripo - motokari yekuzadzikisa humwe hunoita hunoita kuti tive netsika. Rogers akadana vanhu vane utano zvakakwana-kushanda , kutsanangura vanhu ava sevaya vakasununguka kuti vawane, vanorarama munguva, vanovimba nekutonga kwavo, vanonzwa vakasununguka uye vanogadzira .
Inokosha Terminology
Chimiro chekudzidzisa maitiro chinotanga nemushumo unowanzoitika zvichiita kuti munhu aite zvinopindurwa. Zvadaro, chiitiko chekare chisina kukwira mune zvematongerwo enyika chakanyatsobatanidzwa nechiitiko chinowanzoitika. Pakupedzisira, kukanganisa kwakasati kwamboita zvematongerwe enyika kunouya kuzomutsa kupindura pasina kuvepo kwechiitiko chinowanzoitika. Zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinozivikanwa sechimiro chekusimudzirwa uye mamiriro ekugadzirisa .
Nzira yekudzidzisa maitiro inotsigirwa kana kuti kurangwa inoshandiswa kuchinja maitiro. Kushamwaridzana kunoitwa pakati pemafambiro uye chikonzero chezviito izvozvo.
Mune Freud's psychoanalytic nharo yeunhu, pfungwa dzisina ruzivo inzvimbo yemanzwiro, pfungwa, zvinokurudzira, uye zviyeuchidzo zvisiri kunze kwekuziva kwedu. Zvakawanda zvezviri mukati mekusaziva hazvigamuchirwi kana kuti hazvishamisi, zvakadai sekurwadziwa, kushushikana, kana kukakavara. Maererano naFeudud, chinhu chisinganzwisisi chinoramba chichibata maitiro edu uye ruzivo, kunyange zvazvo tisingazivi nezvezvinhu izvi zvinotungamirira.
Maererano naFranud's psychoanalytic nharo yehuhu, id ndiyo inhu yehupenyu inoumbwa nehupenzi husingazivikanwi hwepfungwa dzinoshanda kugutsa zvido zvekutanga, zvido, uye zvido. Izvo id inoshanda zvichienderana neshoko rinofadza , iro rinoda kukurumidza kugutsa zvido.
Maererano naFeudud, ego ndiyo chikamu chisingazivikanwi cheunhu hunopindirana nemitemo yei id, superego, uye chokwadi. Izvo zvinotitadzisa kuita zvinoenderana nezvido zvedu zvinokosha (zvakasikwa ne id) asi zvinoshandawo kuti tive nehutano nemafungiro edu uye maonero edu (akaumbwa neuperego).
I-superego ndiyo chikamu cheunhu hunoumbwa nemafungiro edu akaiswa mukati medu atakawana kubva kuvabereki vedu uye kubva munzanga. I-superego inoshanda kubvisa zvishuvo zveiyo uye inoedza kuita kuti ego iite tsika, pane kungofanana.
Munhu wekuzvarwa kwekuda kwekuzadzikisa kukura kwake kunobatsira maitiro.
Shoko Rinobva
Unhu hunotiita isu kuti tiri vanaani, saka hazvishamisi kuti chii chakave chiri chikonzero chekunakidza kwakadaro mune zvose sayenzi uye muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu izvo zvakagadziridzwa nevanoverengeka vakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa zvakabatsira kutambira kunzwisisa kwakadzika uye kwakapfuma kwezvinoita kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe ave akaenzana. Nokudzidza zvakawanda nezvemashoko aya, unogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti vatsvakurudzi vakasvika sei pakuziva psychology yemunhu pamwe nekufunga mibvunzo inotsvaga kutsvakurudza.
> Sources:
> Carducci, BJ. The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. New York: Wiley Blackwell; 2009.
> John, OP, Robins, RW, & Pervin, LA. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press; 2008.