Chii Chinonzi Biochemical Basis of Depression?
Iwe ungangodaro wakanzwa kuti kuora mwoyo kunokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemaitiro asina kukwana muuropi uye kuti zvinodzvinyirira zvinoshanda kuburikidza nekuchinja maitiro ezvinhu izvi (neurotransmitters), asi izvi zvinorevei? Chii chinonzi chemistry shure kwekuora mwoyo?
Neurotransmitters - Chemical Messengers of the Brain
Iwe wakambove wakanzwa izwi rokuti "neurotransmitter" zvisati zvaitika, asi ndeapi ma molecules uye anoshanda sei?
Neurotransmitters maikemikisi anotumwa muuropi iyo ndiyo nzira iyo masero emasero anotaura nevamwe .
Mufananidzo wevangaiti vezvematongerwo enyika muKushanda
Mhemberero yakare iyo mufananidzo inobatsira mazwi ane chiuru yakanga isina kumbova yechokwadi kupfuura apo kutaura pamusoro pekuti masero emagetsi ari muuropi edu anotaurirana sei.
Uyu mufananidzo uri pamusoro unoratidzira kurongeka pakati pemasero maviri emasero. Mapetekiti eurotransmitter molecules anosunungurwa kubva kumugumo we presynaptic cell (the axon) munzvimbo iyo pakati pemasero maviri emasero (synapse). Izvi zvinogona kuendeswa nemakwenzi (se serotonin receptors) ye postsynaptic nerve cell (the dendrite) uye nokudaro vanopfuurira nemashizha emakemikari avo. Mazana emakemikari anotorwa zvakare ne presynaptic cell uye anodzorerwa.
Neurotransmitters uye Mood Regulation
Kune maNeurotransmitter matatu, anozivikanwa semakemikari semamonoamines, ayo anofungidzirwa kuti anobata basa mune mutemo wehupenyu:
- Serotonin - Serotonin yakagadzirirwa "kunzwa zvakanaka" neurotransmitter.
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
Idzi ingongova mashomanana emakumbo eurotransmitter ayo anoshanda sevatumwa muuropi. Zvimwe zvinosanganisira glutamate, GABA, uye acetylcholine .
Nhoroondo yeThe Chemistry of Depression - Norepinephrine
Muma1960 Joseph J.
Schildkraut yeHarvard University yakasarudza vheti yake neorepinephrine sechikonzero chinokonzera kuora mwoyo mune iye zvino "catecholamine" yekare yekushungurudzika kwepfungwa . Akaronga kuti kuora mwoyo kunokonzerwa nokushayikwa kwe norepinephrine mune dzimwe nyaya dzouropi uye kuti mania inokonzerwa nokuwandisa kwezvinhu izvi. Iko kune chokwadi chimiro chikuru cheuchapupu chinotsigira ichi chikonzero, zvisinei, kuchinja mu norepinephrin mazinga haagadziri mafungiro kune wese. Zvaizivikanwa kuti mamwe mishonga inonyanya kutsvaga norepinephrine yakashanda kuderedza kuderedza mune vamwe vanhu, asi kwete mune vamwe.
Nhoroondo yeKemistry yekudengenyeka - Wedzera muSerotonin
Zviri pachena kuti panofanira kunge kune chimwe chinhu chinobatana ne norepinephrine kukonzera kuora mwoyo. Serotonin yakawanikwa ichi chimwe chinhu. Iyi molecule yakatora nzvimbo yepamusoro mumakumi maviri emakore akapfuura ichionga Prozac (fluoxetine) uye mamwe sarotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) anosarudza, ayo anosarudza pane iyi molecule. Kuongorora kwakakomba pane basa reSerotonin mune zvinetso zvepfungwa, zvisinei, zvave zvichienderera kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, kubvira apo Arthur J. Prange, Jr., weYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina kuChapel Hill, Alec Coppen weAradic Research Council muEngland uye vashandi pamwe navo vanoisa mberi izvo zvinonzi "permissive hypothesis." Iyi maonero akabata kuti synaptic kupera kwe serotonin yaiva chimwe chikonzero chekuora mwoyo, iyo yakashanda nekusimudzira, kana "kubvumira," kuwira mu norepinephrine mazinga.
Saka, kunyange zvazvo, norepinephrine ichiri kutamba chikamu chikuru mukuderedza, maitiro e serotonin anogona kushandiswa kuti asarudze norepinephrine nenzira isiri iyo.
Zvitsva zvinodhaka zvekare zvinonzi serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) zvakadai seEfficexor (venlafaxine) zvinowirirwa pane serotonin uye norepinephrine. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) inobatawo zvose norepinephrine uye serotonin, zvisinei, vane zvinowedzera zvinokonzera histamine uye acetylcholine, iyo inobereka migumisiro yechirwere iyo TCAs inozivikanwa, yakadai semuromo wakaoma kana maziso, kuratidza kunoshamisa mumuromo, kunzwisisika kuedza kwemaziso, kupenya kwemaonero, kuvhiringidzika, kuvhiringidza urinary, nevamwe.
SSRIs haina kuchinja histamine uye acetylcholine uye saka haine mimwe migumisiro yechirwere semishonga yakare.
The Chemistry of Depression - Add in Dopamine
Chinhu chechitatu chinogona kuita basa mukufungidzira ndi dopamine. Dopamine inobatanidza nemubairo, kana kusimbiswa, kwatinowana izvo zvinoita kuti isu tirambe tichipindira mubasa. Yakave yakabatanidzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana nePalinson's Disease uye schizophrenia . Panewo humwe humwe uchapupu hwokuti, kunyanya kwechikamu chevarwere, dopamine inobatsira mukuderedza. Mishonga inoita sedopamine kana kuti inokurudzira kusunungurwa kwedopamine muuropi yakashanda kune vamwe vanhu vane kuora mwoyo apo zvimwe zviyero zvakakundikana.Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatsvakurudza dopaminergic agents senzira yekukurumidza kusimbisa kuora mwoyo (kusiyana nemishonga inogona kutora kusvika vhiki nhanhatu kuti varatidze kushanda kwavo kwakakwana).
Kunyange zvazvo vamiririri vanoshandisa kusarudza dopamine vane rubatsiro rwekuita zvakakurumidza, vakaratidzawo zvimwe zvivako zvakavadzivirira kubva pakushandiswa zvakanyanya sevamwe vanodzvinyirira. Dopamine inonzi neurotransmitter iyo inobatanidza nekudhakwa uye inogadzirwa nayo inokurudzirwa nemishonga yakadai se cocaine, opiates, uye doro (izvo zvinogona kutsanangura kuti sei vanhu vakaora mwoyo vanosarudza kuzviritira mishonga nemishonga uye doro . Zvinodhaka zvakananga zvakananga kuDopamine, somuenzaniso, Muongorori (amineptine (Muongorori)), ipai mikana yekushandisa zvisina kunaka.
Nzira Dzinogona Kuve Nemaodzanyemba Neurotransmitter Level Level
Zvino izvo zvinoratidzika sezvikamu zvakaderera zveeurotransmitter norepinephrine, serotonin, uye dopamine zvinobatsira kuora mwoyo, chii chinokonzera izvi zvishoma zvishoma munzvimbo yekutanga? Mune mamwe mazwi, chii chinokonzera pasi dze serotonin, norepinephrine, kana dopamine, iyo dzimwe nguva inogona kuita zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo? Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvingangodaro zvisina kukanganisa nenzira iyi uye zvinotungamirira mukusava neurotransmitter. Zvimwe zvezviitiko zvinosanganisira:
- Hazvikwanisi neurotransmitter (somuenzaniso, serotonin) inobudiswa
- Hazvikwanisi nzvimbo dzinogamuchirwa kuti dziwanikwe neurotransmitter
- Iyo yeurotransmitter iri kutorwa zvakare kumusoro zvakakurumidza (kupinda mu presynaptic) isati yasvika kumamiti ekugamuchira
- Makemikari inonzi precursor (mamolekisi anobva kune maurotransmitter akavakwa) angave asina kukwana
- Makorolekisi ayo anoita kuti kubudiswa kwevana vezvematachiona, sezvakaita mazymesi chaiwo, zvive zvishoma
Sezvaunogona kuona, kana pane kuparara chero munzira, nzira yeurourotransmitter inogona kunge isina kukwana pane zvido zvako. Zvisina kukwana zvinogona kutungamirira kune zviratidzo zvatinoziva sekuora mwoyo.
Kurapa Kuora Mwoyo kubva pane Mafungiro ezvinyorwa
Kunzwisisa makemikari ekuora mwoyo kunogona kubatsira vanhu kunzwisisa zviri nani kurapwa kunowanikwa kuora mwoyo . Kana kusagadzikana kwehupenyu hwepanyama kunokonzera zvirwere zvekuora mwoyo zvinonzwisisika kuti nei psychotherapy yose iri munyika isingagoni kugadzirisa dambudziko, sezvo psychotherapy chete inogona kukonzera insulini mazinga kune munhu ane chirwere cheshuga.
Chinhu chinowanzosiyiwa kazhinji, zvisinei, mukutora kwedu-a-drug-and-get-better society, ndeyekuti psychotherapy yakawanikwa ichibatsira kune vamwe vanhu vane kuora mwoyo. Izvo zvisingatauri nezvazvo kakawanda ndezvokuti hatinzwisisi zvakanyatsojeka kuti maitiro eurotransmitter chaiwo sei muuropi anova akaderera munzvimbo yekutanga. Zvingava zvakanaka kuti mamwe emitemo iri pamusoro apa anounzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu hwedu anogona kubatsirwa nerapi. Semuenzaniso, kurapa kuderedza kushungurudzika nekuvandudzwa kwekushungurudzika kunogona kuva nemagumisiro emakemikari anogadziriswa anowanika muuropi kubva maitiro eurotransmitter anobudiswa. Nenzira iyi, zvinodhaka zvinogona kuderedza zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo kunokonzerwa nekuderedza, kureva, serotonin, asi usaita chinhu chekudzivirira kukanganiswa kweeurotransmitter kubva pakudzoka munguva yemberi.
Zvinogonawo kuva isu tisina mifananidzo yakakwana kana iri kuuya kune veurotransmitter muuropi. Vatsvakurudzi vari kudzidza dzimwe nzira dzemakemikari dziri muuropi pamwe chete, semuenzaniso, glutaminergic, cholinergic, uye opioid systems kuti vaone basa ravanogona kuita mukuora mwoyo. Mukuwedzera, panzvimbo pokusava nekushayikwa mune imwe yemakemikari aya europi, dzimwe zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo zvinogona kunge zvakabatana nehuwandu hwemaurotransmitter akasiyana siyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeuropi.
Kushungurudzika - Kunopfuura Kuchinja Kwoga MuBroin Chemistry
Panzvimbo pokuva kuenzanisa kusinganzwisisiki kwechinhu chisingazivikanwi chinokonzera maitiro akaderera e-one or more neurotransmitters, uye idzi dzakadzika mazinga ekuumba zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo, chikonzero cheicho chekuora mwoyo chinonyanya kuoma pane izvi. Kana iwe wakararama nekuora mwoyo, hatidi chaizvo kukuudza izvi. Iwe unoziva kuti kuporesa kunetseka, kusiyana nekupa insulini kune mumwe munhu ane chirwere cheshuga, kwakaoma zvikuru uye kwakaoma.
Mukuwedzera kune basa revadzidzisi vezvematongerwo enyika, tinoziva kuti pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinosanganisira pakukonzera kuora mwoyo kunobva kune maitiro ehutano kusvika pane zvakaitika kumwana kusvikira zuva ranhasi hukama hukama nevamwe vanhu.
Pasi pepamusoro pa Chemistry yekudengenyeka
Zvakajeka kuti maitiro eurotransmitter anotora rimwe dambudziko mukuora mwoyo, asi zvishoma zvishoma zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pekuti izvi zvinoshanduka sei. Zvinonyatsojekesawo kuti kuchinja kwehupenyu hwega kwega hakugone kutsanangura zvose zvatinoona pamusoro pekuora mwoyo, uye zvimwe zvimwe zvinhu zviri kushanda zvakare.
Kusvikira taziva zvakawanda, kunzwisisa zvishoma zvatinonyatsoziva pamusoro pemakemikari ekuora mwoyo kunogona kubatsira kune avo vanoshandisa mishonga yekuderedza. Iko inogona kukubatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei mumwe mushonga unogona kushanda uye mumwe haaiti, uye nei dzimwe nguva uchida kuedzwa kwemishonga yakawanda kusvikira mushonga wakarurama unowanikwa. Inogona kubatsirawo avo vanopiwa mazano anokuvadza , akadai sokutaura kusinganzwisisiki kuti "kungoerekana uchibvamo." Hazvisi nyore kuti mumwe munhu akanganwe kuti vakaora mwoyo kupfuura kune munhu ane chirwere cheshuga kuti adzorere insulini yavo nekungofunga nezvazvo.
Kuziva zvatinoziva uye kukwana kwezivo yedu kunogonawo kubatsira vanhu kunzwisisa kuti nei pasina mushonga mumwechete unoshanda kune munhu wese ane dambudziko, uye sei nzira dzakabudirira zvikuru dzokurapa kuora mwoyo dzinosanganisira kusanganiswa kwerapi.
Sources:
Kasper, Dennis L., Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry Jameson, naJoseph Loscalzo. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw Hill Dzidzo, 2015. Print.
Papakostas, G., naD. Ionescu. Kutarisa Mitsva Idzva: Tsanangudzo yeTrapeutics yekurapa-Kurwisa Major Depression Disorder. Molecular Psychiatry . 2015. 20 (10): 1142-50.