Nhoroondo yeViktor Frankl's Logotherapy

Viktor Frankl ndiye akatanga nheyo ye logotherapy, chimiro chepfungwa yehupfungwa iyo yaakagadzira pashure pokupona mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi muma1940. Mushure mekuziva kwake mumisasa, akave nepfungwa yokuti iko kuburikidza nekutsvaga chinangwa uye chinangwa muupenyu muupenyu hwevanhu hunogona kutsungirira matambudziko uye kutambura.

Nhoroondo Pfupi yaViktor Frankl

Viktor Frankl akaberekwa musi waMarch 26, 1905 ndokufa musi waSeptember 2, 1997, kuVienna, Austria.

Akatungamirirwa muhupenyu hwake hwepakutanga naSagmund Freud naAlfred Adler, vakawana dhigirii rezvokurapa kubva kuYunivhesiti yeVienna Medical School muna 1930. Kubva muna 1940 kusvika muna 1942, ndiye aiva mutungamiriri weDhipatimendi reNeurological reRothschild Hospital, kubva muna 1946 kusvika 1970 yakave mutungamiriri weVienna Polyclinic yeNeurology.

Muna 1942, Frankl akaendeswa kumusasa wevasungwa weNazi pamwe chete nemudzimai wake, vabereki, nevamwe vemhuri. Akapedza nguva mumakamu mana, kusanganisira Auschwitz, kubva muna 1942 kusvikira muna 1945, uye ndiye oga wega yemhuri yake kuti ararame. Muna 1945, akadzokera kuVienna uye akabudisa bhuku pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvake, zvichibva pane zvinyorwa zvake zvekucherechedza panguva yake mumisasa. Nenguva yekufa kwake, bhuku rake, "Kutsvaga Kwomunhu" kwakange rabudiswa mumitauro 24.

Munguva yebasa rake semuprofesa wehutano hwepfungwa nehupfungwa, Frankl akanyora mabhuku makumi matatu, akataurirwa pamayunivhesiti 209 ari kumakondinendi 5, uye akanga ari mugashiri wekuremekedza makumi maviri nemaviri kubva kumayunivesiti pasi pose.

Akanga ari purofesa wekushanyira paHarvard uye Stanford, uye kurapa kwake, kunonzi "logotherapy," kwaizivikanwa sechikoro chechitatu cheViennese therapy mushure me Freud's psychoanalysis uye Alfred Adler's psychology individual . Mukuwedzera, logotherapy yakaonekwa seimwe yezvidzidzo zvesayenzi-based based psychotherapy neAmerican Medical Society, American Psychiatric Association, uye American Psychological Association.

Kunzwisisa Logotherapy

Frankl aidavira kuti vanhu vanokurudzirwa nechimwe chinhu chinonzi "chido chekutaura," chinoenderana nechishuvo chekuwana chinangwa muupenyu. Akakakavadzana kuti upenyu hunogona kuva nechinangwa kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu anosuruvara zvikuru, uye kuti chikonzero chekurarama chinobva pakutsvaga izvo zvinoreva. Achitora danho rinopfuura, Frankl akanyora kuti:

Zvose zvinogona kutorwa kubva kumunhu asi chinhu chimwechete: yekupedzisira kwekusununguka kwevanhu-kusarudza mafungiro evanhu mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu akadai .

Uyu maonero aibva pane zvakaitika kwaari zvekutambura, uye maonero ake ekuwana chinangwa kuburikidza nekutambudzika. Nenzira iyi, Frankl aitenda kuti patinenge tisingachagoni kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu, isu tinomanikidzwa kuzvishandura isu pachedu.

Zvinonyanya kukosha zve Logotherapy

"Logos" ndiro izwi rechiGiriki rinoreva chirevo, uye logotherapy inosanganisira kubatsira murwere kuwana chinangwa chake muupenyu. Frankl akapa hurukuro pfupiso yezvidzidzo mu "Kutsvaga Kwevanhu Kuti Vave Nechinangwa."

Core Properties

Frankl aitenda muzvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha pane zvaanodzidziswa uye kurapa kwake:

1. Munhu mumwe nomumwe ane hutano hwakanaka.
2. Icho chinonyanya kutarisa ndechokuvhenekera vamwe kune ivo pachavo pfuma yavo uye kuvapa zvishandiso zvekushandisa mukati mavo emukati.
3. Upenyu hunopa chinangwa uye hunoreva asi hahupi hunovimbisa kuzadzika kana mufaro.

Nzira Dzokuwana Chinangwa

Kufamba nhanho mberi, logotherapy zvinokurudzira izvo zvinoreva muupenyu zvinogona kuwanikwa nenzira nhatu dzakasiyana:

1. Nokusika basa kana kuita chiito.
2. Nokuona chimwe chinhu kana kusangana nemumwe munhu.
3. Nemafungiro atinotora kumatambudziko asingadzivisiki.

Muenzaniso unowanzopiwa kuti utsanangure zvinyorwa zvitsvene zve logotherapy ndeye nyaya yemusangano waFrank nevakuru vakwegura vakuru avo vairwisana kukunda kuora mwoyo mushure mekurasikirwa kwemudzimai wake. Frankl akabatsira murume akwegura kuona kuti chinangwa chake chakanga chiri chokudzivirira mudzimai wake marwadzo ekurasikirwa naye pakutanga.

Maonero Anonyanya

Logotherapy ine zvidzidzo zvitanhatu zvinokosha zvinowirirana nehutano hwakakosha uye nzira dzekutsvaga chinangwa chiri pamusoro apa:

1. Muviri, Pfungwa, neMweya

Munhu ari chikamu chinoumba muviri ( soma ), pfungwa ( psyche ), uye mweya ( noos ). Frankl akakavhiringidza kuti tine muviri nemafungiro, asi mweya ndiyo zvatiri, kana chedu. Cherechedza kuti nharo yaFrank yakanga isingabvi pane zvechitendero kana zvechitendero, asi kazhinji yakanga yakafanana kune idzi.

2. Upenyu Hune Chinangwa Mumiedzo Yose

Frankl aidavira kuti hupenyu hune chinangwa mumamiriro ese ezvinhu, kunyange ivo vanotambudzika zvikuru. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange kana mamiriro ezvinhu achiita seasina kunaka, pane huwandu hukuru hwehutano hunosanganisira zvinoreva.

3. Vanhu Vanoda Kuda Kureva

Logotherapy inotsanangura kuti vanhu vane chido chekutaura, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvinoreva ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekurarama nekuita, uye chinotibvumira kutsungirira kurwadziwa uye kutambura. Izvi zvinoonekwa sezvo zvakasiyana kubva kuda kuda kuwana simba uye mufaro.

4. Rusununguko Rwokuwana Chinangwa

Frankl anotaura kuti mumamiriro ese ezvinhu, vanhu vane rusununguko rwekuwana izvo zvinoda kuwana chinangwa. Izvi zvinobva pane zvakaitika kwaari mukurwadziwa uye kutambura nekusarudza maitiro ake mumamiriro ezvinhu aisagona kuchinja.

5. Chinangwa cheMangwana

Mhedziso yechishanu inotaura kuti pane zvisarudzo zvine zvazvinoreva, vanhu vanofanirwa kupindura kune zvido zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva munzira dzinofanirana nemitemo yevanhu kana hana yavo.

6. Vanhu Vanoshamisa

Frankl aidavira kuti munhu wese akasiyana uye haasingapindi.

Logotherapy in Practice

Frankl aidavira kuti zvaikwanisa kuchinja kutambura kuva kubudirira uye kubudirira. Aiona semhosva semukana wekuzvishandura kuti uve nani, uye hupenyu huchishandurwa semukana wekutora mhinduro.

Nenzira iyi, iyi psychotherapy yaiva nechinangwa chekubatsira vanhu kuti vashandise zviri nani "midzi" yavo yekunamata kuti vadzivise matambudziko. Mune mabhuku ake, aigara achishandisa zvakaitika kwaari pachake kuti atsanangure pfungwa kune muverengi.

Nzira nhatu dzinoshandiswa mu logotherapy dzinosanganisira kufuratira, chinangwa chechirevo, uye Socrat inotaurirana.

1. Kusatsvaga: Kutsvaga kunotarisirwa kubatsira mumwe munhu kutarisa kubva kune ivo uye kune vamwe vanhu, kuitira kuti vagone kupera uye vashandise nguva shomanana vachizvifungidzira nezvechinetso kana kuti kuti vasvike sei chinangwa.
2. Chinangwa chechirevo chepfungwa: Paradoxical chinangwa ndiyo nzira iyo murwere anofarira chinhu icho chinotyiwa zvikuru. Izvi zvakarongedzerwa kushandiswa munyaya yekuzvidya mwoyo kana phobias, umo kuseka uye kuseka zvinogona kushandiswa apo kutya kuri kupera simba. Somuenzaniso, munhu anotya kutarisa benzi angakurudzirwa kuedza kutarisa upenzi nechinangwa. Zvinotyisa, kutya kwaizobviswa apo chinangwa chakanga chine chinhu chakange chichitya zvikuru.
3. S dialogue: Hurukuro ye Socriti inoshandiswa mu logotherapy sechirongwa chekubatsira murwere kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kuzvitsvaga kuburikidza nemashoko ake pachavo. Nenzira iyi, mushonga anongoratidzira maitiro emashoko uye anobatsira mutengi kuti aone zvinorehwa mazviri. Iyi nzira inotendwa kubatsira mubatsiri kuziva mhinduro iyo iri kumirira kuti iwanikwe.

Zviri nyore kuona kuti dzimwe nzira dzegodotherapy dzinowanikwa sei nemaitiro matsva ekurapa akadai sokufungisisa -behavioral therapy (CBT) kana kubvuma uye kuzvipira kurapa (ACT) . Nenzira iyi, logotherapy inogona kunge iri nzira inobatanidza yezviito uye mazano ekufunga.

Kururamisa kwe Logotherapy

Frankl akanga asiri kunze kwevashori vake. Vamwe vaifunga kuti akashandisa nguva yake mumisasa yeNazi senzira yekusimudza mararamiro ake epfungwa, uye vamwe vakaona kutsigirwa kwake kwakabva kune vatungamiriri vechitendero muUnited States (zvirokwazvo, akaunganidza vatariri uye vezvepfungwa dzepfungwa kuti vashande naye).

Muna 1961, pfungwa dzake dzakanga dzapikiswa nomudzidzisi wezvepfungwa Rollo May, anozivikanwa sevaki veyo existential movement muUnited States, uyo akataura kuti logotherapy yakanga yakaenzana nehurumende, uye mutapi anongoronga mhinduro kune murwere. Nenzira iyi, zvaifungidzirwa kuti chiremba wacho akadzikisa mutoro wevarwere mukuwana mhinduro dzematambudziko. Hazvisi pachena, zvisinei, kana iyi yaiva dambudziko guru re logotherapy, kana kuti kukundikana kwaFrank semuongorori pachake, sezvaakanzi ane kuzvikudza munzira yake yokutaura kune varwere.

Nenzira iyi, zvingangove kuti logotherapy inotaura kuti kune nguva dzose yakagadziriswa matambudziko uye kuti chiremba ane basa rekuwana izvi kune mutengi. Zvisinei, Frankl akataura kuti logotherapy inodzidzisa murwere kutora mutoro. Pasinei, zvakajeka kuti mukushandiswa kwemafungiro aFrankl, zvakakosha kuratidza kuti murwere anofanira kunge ari mubatsiri pane kugamuchira mupiro mukuita.

Uchapupu hweLogotherapy

Inopfuura mabhuku makumi mapfumbamwe negumi nemazana mashanu emapurisa akave akabudiswa pane logotherapy, uye zvinopfuura 59 zviyero zvekuyera zvakagadzirwa pachirongwa. Kunyange zvazvo basa rekutanga raFrank raiva nemhosva yezvidzidzo, izvi zvakazopedzisira zvava kusanganisira kushandiswa kwemanzwiro uye kuongororwa kwehutano hwekliniki. Mune mamwe mazwi, Frankl aitenda mukutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nekukurudzira.

Kuongorora kwakarongeka kwekutsvakurudza uchapupu hune chokuita nelogotherapy yakaitwa muna 2016 yakawana kuwirirana kana zvinetso zvine chokuita nelogotherapy munzvimbo dzinotevera kana nekuda kwemamiriro anotevera:

• Kubatana pakati pehupo hwezvinoreva muupenyu, tsvaga chinangwa muupenyu, uye kugutsikana kwehupenyu, mufaro
• Zvinoreva zvishoma mukati mehupenyu pakati pevarwere vane dambudziko repfungwa
• Tsvaga chinangwa uye kuvapo kwezvinoreva sechinhu chakasimba
• Kuwirirana pakati pezvinoreva hupenyu uye kuzviuraya kune vanorwara nekenza
• Kubudirira kwegadziriro ye logotherapy yevechiri kuyaruka nekenza
• Kubudirira kwe logotherapy pamusoro pekuora mwoyo kwevana
• Kubudirira kwe logotherapy mukuderedza kupisa kwebasa , chisina chinhu chinonzi nest syndrome
• Correlation uye kugutsikana kwemhuri

Pasi pose, hazvishamisi, pane humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe hunoreva hupenyu hunobatana nehutano hwakanaka hwehutano. Zvinoratidzirwa kuti zivo iyi inogona kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakadai sebibias, kurwadziwa uye mhosva, kushungurudzika, pamwe nekushungurudzika kwakafanana schizophrenia, kuora mwoyo, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, kushungurudzika mupfungwa, nekuzvidya mwoyo . Frankl aidavira kuti zvirwere zvizhinji kana hutano hwepfungwa dzakanyangarika zviripo, uye kuti vanhu vanorwisana nekushaikwa kwezvinoreva, izvo zvaanotaura se "existential vacuum."

Logotherapy in Everyday Life

Ungashandisa sei mazano e logotherapy kuti uvandudze hupenyu hwezuva nezuva?

• Ita chimwe chinhu. Sezvakangoita Frankl, kusika chimwe chinhu (semuenzaniso, unyanzvi) kunokupa pfungwa yechinangwa, icho chinogona kuwedzera chinangwa muupenyu hwako.
• Ita hukama. Kubatsirana kwekushandisa nguva pamwe nevamwe kuchakubatsira iwe kukudziridza humwe pfungwa dzechinangwa muupenyu hwako.
• Tsvaga chinangwa mukurwadziwa. Kana iwe uri kuenda pane chimwe chinhu chakaipa, edza kutsvaga chinangwa mairi. Kunyangwe kana ichi chiri chekunyengera kwepfungwa, ichakubatsira kukuona kuburikidza. Semuenzaniso, kana nhengo yemhuri iri kupora kurapwa kwechirwere chechirwere, tarisa chinangwa chako sepo kuti utsigire munhu iyeye.
• Kunzwisisa kuti hupenyu hahusi hwakanaka. Hakuna munhu anochengeta zvikwereti, uye iwe haungatongotarisirwi zvakanaka. Zvisinei, hupenyu hunogona kugara huine chinangwa, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa.
• Rusununguko rwekuwana chinangwa. Yeuka kuti iwe unogara uine rusununguko kuti uite chinangwa kubva muupenyu hwako mamiriro ezvinhu. Hapana munhu anogona kutora izvozvo kure newe.
• Tarisa kune vamwe. Edza kutarisa kunze kwako kuti uwane kunetseka pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu.
• Bvuma chakaipa. Paunenge uchienda kunotsvaka zvakanyanya, zvinoderedza simba rauri pamusoro pako.

Shoko Rinobva

Nepo pfungwa dze logotherapy dzichienderera mberi dzichidzidzwa kusvikira nhasi, haungatauri nezvevanhu vanogamuchira rudzi urwu rwekurapa zvakananga. Asi, zvikamu zve logotherapy zvinowanzopindirana nemamwe mushonga kana kurapwa.

> Sources:

> Frankl, VE. Munhu achitsvaga chinangwa . Boston: Beacon Press, 1959.

> Frankl VE. The Will to Meaning: Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy. New York, NY: Penguin, 1988

> Psychology Today. The Case Against Viktor Frankl

> Chechitatu M, Batthyany A. Hurumende yeEpricrical Research pamusoro Logotherapy uye Iripo Kuongorora. Mu: Logotherapy uye Existential Analysis: Zvinyorwa zveViktor Frankl Institute Vienna, Volume 1. 2016: pp.53-74.

> Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy. Logotherapy.